Himalayan musk deer, Great Indian Bustard, Snow leopard, Kashmir stag, Wild ass - this set is of threatened Indian wild life species.

Ratio between the energy flows at various points along the food chain when represented as percentage is known as 'ecological efficiency' which describes the efficiency with which the energy is transmitted from one trophic level to the next.

Keeping in sight the form of mouth parts found in the order diptera, the fly-caterpillar association is build through 'endoparasitism', where a parasite lives within its host’s body. 

The growth curve is ‘J’ shaped where the curve initially falls, but then upturns to higher than the beginning point.

The most striking set of characteristic of the deep sea includes: low temperature, high pressure and low oxygen level. Deep sea is the lowest layer in ocean. No light enters this region and the maximum organisms that live there depend for sustenance on falling organic matter formed in the photic zone.

Fossorial adaptations - Developed shoulder girdle. Fossorial adaptations are observed in those animals that live above ground but they dig for the food. Such adaptation is not characterized with developed shoulder girdle.

Heavy metal is not associated with biological magnification. Biological magnification is the increasing concentration of a chemical like toxic substance, in organism’s tissue at successively higher level in the food chain.

Ancient world cuckoos and brown-headed cowbird of North America do not make nests of their own. Rather they deposit their eggs in the other birds’ nests. Such type of relationship is termed as social parasitism.

Ecological equivalents are taxonomically different organisms which occupy same ecological niches performing various functions in various geographical regions. For e.g. in Galapagos island flightless cormorants.

In the troposphere, photo oxidation of hydrocarbons in presence of nitrogen oxides, forms ozone - this option is not right.

Removal of keystone predators from a community will result in increase in prey population densities. Keystone predators are the predators that have an extremely large effect on its surroundings relative to its affluence.

DDT spraying in ponds is harmful because it gets accumulated along the food chain.

Nitrates are useful for maximizing production of food. Yet, the extra nitrates we utilize in the fields mixed with drinking water results in converting nitrates into nitrites in stomach, which mixes with haemoglobin, decreasing oxygen carrying process. This results in methaeglobinaemia where methemoglobin is present higher than its normal level in blood.

Beyond about 20 km above the surface of the Earth, ozone is important to life on Earth but CFCs are injurious. Ozone gas absorbs the UV-radiation of sun & gets converted into oxygen (O₂). This prevents mutagenic activities of UV-radiation of the living world. Each molecule of CFC destroys thousands of molecules of O_3. 

Eulittoral zone provides rocky, sandy and muddy shores type of habitat. It is a landward subdivision of littoral zone of a water body particularly benthic zone which falls between the fluctuation level limits.

Biosphere reserve is the region declared by its residents, authorized by the national committee and termed as UNESCO’s Men & Biosphere (MAB) program that establishes innovative ways to living and working in kinship with nature.

In India, lion-tailed Macaque or wanderoo is an ancient world monkey, it is observed only in Western Ghats of South India.

Higher the altitude, lesser is the pressure, more the depth, more is the pressure. 

Bathyal zone    :     Archibenthic zone Littoral zone     :     Limnettic zone Oceanic zone   :     Sub-littoral zone Bathyal zone is the continental slope where the steep slide of seabed from continental shelf to abyssal zone. Littoral zone is the part of sea, river or lake which is close to the shore. Oceanic zone starts in the region off shore where water quantifies 200 meters deep or deeper.

A - 3, B - 4, C - 2, D - 1. Turesson was Swedish evolutionary botanist, made important contributions to genecology & proposed the term ecotype and agamospecies. Harper is recalled for his contribution in genecology. Lindeman was an ecologist had contribution in field of ecosystem. Raunkiaer was Danish botanist mainly recalled for his proposal of plant strategies for surviving an unfriendly season.