contains 98% water

is acellular

contains mainly type II and type III collagen fibres

has a refractive index of 1.00

Vision

Pressure

Taste

Balance

thalamus

internal capsule

trochlear nerve

hypoglossal nerve

Pinna

Eustachian tube

Semicircular canals

Cochlea

Incus

Stylohyoid muscle

Internal maxillary artery

Posterior one-third of the tongue

Between action potentials, the cells of the SA node have a steady resting potential.

The cardiac action potential reaches both the atrium with the help of Purkinje fibers.

The Purkinje fibers are particularised cardiac myocytes conjoined by gap unions.

The diffusion of cardiac excitation accelerates at the AV node.

The first heart sound, i.e. lub corresponds to the closure of mitral and tricuspid valves.

The first heart sound, i.e. lub occurs just before the R wave of the ECG.

The first heart sound, i.e. lub splits into two components during inspiration.

The second heart sound i.e .dub occurs during the T-wave.

increases by the hormone aldosterone released from the adrenal medulla

increases by stimulation of the vagus nerve

is calculated as the ratio of oxygen consumption and the difference in PO₂ of the venous and arterial blood

is mainly actuated by the end-diastolic volume of the blood

Baroreceptors are authorative for the long-term regulation of systemic blood pressure.

If the arterial pressure of a person suddenly falls, the baroreceptor reflex accelerates the heart rate.

The baroreceptors lie in the aortic and carotid bodies.

The coronary blood flow is controlled by the cardiac volume receptors.

They are present in greater number than RBCs.

They release the main clotting factors in the blood.

They attach to the walls of damaged blood vessels.

They conjoin in the presence of prostacyclin.

Autoregulation signifies to nervous control of the blood vessels.

Reactive hyperemia originates as a result of vasodilatation caused by accumulation of metabolites during exercise.

Parasympathetic vasodilator fibers activate the blood vessels of the exocrine glands of the gastrointestinal tract.

The diameter of the arterioles is completely regulated by the sympathetic nervous system only.

The exchange of solutes among the capillaries and body tissues occurs mainly through mass flow.

The capillaries act as vital source of vascular resistance.

All of the fluid circulating through the capillaries to the tissues is returned to the blood through the lymphatic circulation.

The plasma proteins play key role in tissue fluid exchange mechanism.

are secreted into the circulation as immature cells known as reticulocytes

have life span of about 10 days

depend on mitochondria for their ATP synthesis

are formed by budding off megakaryocytes

During ventricular diastole, the pressure in the left ventricle of heart reaches upto the maximum value of 80 mm Hg.

During ventricular systole, the pressure in the left ventricle of heart reaches up to a maximum value of about 120 mm Hg.

The increase in the rate of pressure is determined by excitation-contraction coupling.

During ventricular systole, the total blood present in the ventricles is ejected.

Exiting from the lungs, each litre of blood carries about 2 ml of oxygen.

Haemoglobin is half saturated with oxygen when the PO₂ is about 3.3 kPa and PCO₂ is 5.3 kPa.

As the PCO₂ rises, the compatibility of hemoglobin for oxygen increases.

Each litre of arterial blood contains about 5 mL of carbon dioxide.