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Biology Test

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Migration of cancer cells towards another site where a secondary tumour begins is called

  1. anaplasia

  2. epistasis

  3. metastasis

  4. angiogenesis


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Metastasis is a complex process. It is the migration of tumor cells to other parts of the body from the site where the cancer began to grow.

Which of the following is capable of changing a proto-oncogene into an oncogene?

  1. Virus

  2. Bacteria

  3. Protozoa

  4. Yeasts


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

For the last two decades, it has been known that viruses can be causative agents of cancer. Cancer causing agents were first described in viruses infecting poultry farms.

Which among the following can be excluded from the category of the chief characteristic of tumor cells?

  1. Extravasation

  2. Angiogenesis

  3. Uncontrolled proliferation

  4. Growth with 'GO' signals


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The body cells will not divide unless they get outside signals that cause the cells to enter into the cell cycle but the cancer cells are capable of growing in the absence of these signals. They do not obey the normal trends of cell division.

'De novo synthesis' signifies the synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules. Which of the following chemotherapeutic agents works by impairing de novo purine synthesis?

  1. Acyclovir

  2. 5-fluorouracil

  3. Methotrexate

  4. Hydroxyurea


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Methotrexate works by inhibiting an enzyme known as dihydrofolic acid reductase,  which is important for transforming an inactive form of folic acid into the active form, which is necessary to make some of the building blocks needed for DNA production. It inhibits the synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins.

Oncogenic viruses can cause

  1. cirrhosis

  2. abortion

  3. malignancy

  4. slow reflexes


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Oncogenic viruses are those which cause cancer or malignancy. E.g. Cancer of the cervix (part of uterus) is mostly caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).

Which of the following is NOT an effector of respiration in mammals?

  1. Heart

  2. Diaphragm

  3. Trapezius

  4. Intercostal muscles


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The trapezius muscle is a large, superficial muscle present in the neck, shoulders and back. It does not assist respiration whether at rest or during exercise.

The presence of glucose enhances NaCl replenishment because

  1. absorbing any nutrient causes Na+ uptake

  2. glucose prevents Na+ excretion

  3. Na+ and glucose are transported in opposite directions.

  4. glucose is absorbed across intestinal epithelial cells via. Na+ dependent cotransporter


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The sodium-glucose cotransport is the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption. The sodium glucose symporter does not use ATP. It uses the concentration of Na+ to drive glucose across intestinal epithelial cells.

Which among the following is the first branching of the bronchial tree being engaged in gas exchanging capabilities?

  1. Terminal bronchioles

  2. Bronchioles

  3. Alveolar ducts

  4. Lobar bronchi


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Respiratory bronchioles are the smallest subdivision of a bronchiole, which connects the terminal bronchiole to an alveolar duct. They are the first branching of the bronchial tree.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the surfactants?

  1. It is a fraction part of a lipoprotein called dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-choline.

  2. It is synthesized by alveolar type II cells.

  3. Alveolar surface area decreases during expiration, the surfactant decreases the surface tension at a constant rate.

  4. When surfactant density gets decreased during expansion, surface tension initially rises rapidly, then begins to fall until it reaches the starting point.


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

During expansion, i.e. during the act of inspiration,  the surfactant density decreases which makes the surface tension strong enough to make the alveoli collapse again. So, the surface tension will constantly rise not as the option states that it will increase, then decrease.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide will be the highest in

  1. inhaled gas

  2. exhaled gas

  3. systemic venous blood

  4. systemic arterial blood


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Systemic venous blood is the blood which has given up its oxygen to the tissues and is carrying carbon dioxide back through the systemic veins for gaseous exchange in the lungs. So, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will be the highest in systemic venous blood.

The elemental regulating variable of the central chemoreceptors is

  1. PaCO2

  2. PaO2

  3. SaO2

  4. CaO2


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Special chemical receptors close to the aorta and carotid arteries are highly responsive to an increase in carbon dioxide or acid concentration, or to a decrease in the pressure of oxygen (PaO2). When these receptors sense acidity or low oxygen, they stimulate the brain respiratory centre to increase the speed and depth of breathing.

A proto-oncogene is described as DNA that

  1. causes cancer

  2. causes the vascularization of a tumour

  3. can be mutated into cancer causing DNA

  4. directly causes uncontrolled cellular growth


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

A proto-oncogene is a normal body gene, which becomes an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression. They code for proteins controlling cell growth and differentiation.

Increased blood flow to a cancerous tumor is called

  1. vascularization

  2. malignancy

  3. tumor promotion

  4. dysplasia


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Tumor vasculature originates through the process of angiogenesis in which existing blood vessels are recruited and remodelled to provide increased hyper blood flow to avascular tumor tissues.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants?

  1. Their ability to form DPPC is limited.

  2. High pressure is required to ventilate the lungs.

  3. Their lung compliance is low.

  4. Alveoli favours to overexpand and frequently explode at the end of inspiration.


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

This statement is incorrect. In respiratory distress syndrome, the lungs alveoli are collapsed not expanded. The expanded alveoli, which sometimes burst is a signature characteristic of emphysema, not the respiratory distress syndrome.

Pneumotaxic centre functions primarily to

  1. inhibit inspiration

  2. prolonged expiration

  3. discharge inspiratory action potentials

  4. decreases respiratory rate


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The pneumotaxic centre is a network of neurons in the rostral dorsal lateral pons. Its main function is to inhibit inspiration and thus regulating inspiratory volume and rate.

Mr. Sharma is a hypoxic patient. His blood gas measurements indicate that his systemic arterial oxygen content is normal but his systemic venous oxygen content is low. This is the characteristic of

  1. diffusion limitation

  2. perfusion limitation

  3. anemic hypoxia

  4. stagnant hypoxia


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Stagnant hypoxia occurs when something obstructs the flow of the blood carrying an adequate amount of oxygen. The major causes include heart attack, pulmonary embolism, chronic alveolar hypoventilation and choking.

The minute ventilation will not be increased by

  1. hypoxia

  2. exercise

  3. an increase in arterial pH

  4. an increase in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Alveolar ventilation gives the oxygen necessary for oxidative metabolism and elucidates the CO2 produced by these metabolic processes. Therefore, it is appropriate that the main physiologic stimuli to respiration are an elevation in the PCO2 and a reduction in the PO2 (hypoxemia).

Raghav suddenly fainted in the school. Doctors told his teachers that he was suffering from decrease in PCO2, decrease in H+ and increased PO2 . This condition is known as

  1. hyperventilation

  2. hypoventilation

  3. hypercapnia

  4. hypoxia


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

It is the state in which a reduced amount of air enters the lungs alveoli resulting in decreased levels of oxygen and increased levels of carbon dioxide of the blood. Thus, the case dissused above is a case of hypoventilation.

When an individual is at rest, the adequate ventilation is maintained through

  1. external intercostal muscle

  2. internal intercostal muscles

  3. intercostal space

  4. diaphragm


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The diaphragm alone can maintain adequate ventilation at rest. The muscles aid the flattened diaphragm in generating sufficient inspiratory pressure to maintain adequate ventilation, both when awake and during rest.

Which of the following conditions can cause stagnant hypoxia in an individual?

  1. COPD

  2. Shock

  3. Cyanide poisoning

  4. Carbon monoxide poisoning


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The stagnant hypoxia is defined as a condition in which there is something obstructing the blood flow even though the blood has an adequate amount of oxygen. Thus, a sudden shock can cause stagnant hypoxia in an individual.

Amit noticed his bluish colour of the skin and mucous membranes and went to the doctor. The doctor told him that it was a cyanosis, which indicates the blood to have

  1. high carbon dioxide concentration

  2. high carbon monoxide concentration

  3. high 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate concentration

  4. low hemoglobin concentration


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

When the hemoglobin level is slightly below normal in an individual,  then the feeling of tiredness, headache, dizziness, fatigue and lack of concentration are common. Physically, the visible signs are pale skin with bluish colour of the skin and mucous membranes, nail beds and gums.

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