The conductivity (or specific conductance) of an electrolyte solution is a measure of its ability to conduct electricity.

This material has elements whose atoms have five valence electrons. It is used in doping intrinsic silicon or germanium to produce n-type semiconductor material. Most commonly used pentavalent materials are arsenic and phosphorus.

Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, which is chemically similar to its group neighbours, tin and silicon.

Sharing electrons allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell corresponding to a stable electronic configuration.

A Hole is an electric charge carrier with a positive charge, equal in magnitude but opposite in polarity to the charge on the electron.

Magnetism is a class of physical phenomena that includes forces exerted by magnets on other magnets. It has its origin in electric currents and the fundamental magnetic moments of elementary particles.

Carbon (from Latin: carbo coal) is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is non-metallic and tetravalent making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds.

Heat is defined as the energy transferred from one body to another by thermal interactions. The transfer of energy can occur in a variety of way, among them through conduction, radiation and convection.

Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in conjunction with sulhur and metals, and also as a pure elemental crystal.

An electron has no known components or sub-structure. It is generally thought to be an elementary particle.  An electron has a mass, which is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton.

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituent atoms, molecules or ions are arranged in an ordered pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.

Depletion region is an insulating region within a conductive, which is doped semiconductor material where the mobile charge carriers have diffused away, or have been forced away by an electric field.

A conductor is an object or type of material, which permits the flow of electric charges in one or more directions.

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.

Diffusion is one of several transport phenomena that occur in nature. A distinguishing feature of diffusion is that it results in mixing or mass transport without requiring bulk motion.