(2) A lockout is generally used to enforce terms of employment upon a group of employees during a dispute. A lockout can act to force unionized workers to accept changed conditions such as lower wages.

Lay off means to discontinue work or activity to dismiss/discharge temporarily. Lay off does not confer any power on the management to lay-off. Financial stringency can never be a ground for lay off held by Supreme Court. Reason doesn't constitute correct explanation for assertion. 

Lockout is the corresponding weapon in the armoury of the employer. In the case of lockout, it is only the place of business which is closed and not the business itself. In lockout employer shuts down his place of business as a means of reprisal.  Lock-out does not include discharge.

(2) The objective of the Industrial Disputes Act is to secure industrial peace and harmony by providing machinery and procedure for the investigation and settlement of industrial disputes by negotiations.

III, II, IV and I

(1) It has been taken that while exercising its powers under Section 10(1), the function performed by the appropriate Government is purely administrative in nature.

(1) Forest Department of State is not an industry.

II, I, III and IV

(4) According to Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, the term ‘industrial dispute’ means any dispute or difference between employers and employers or between employers and workmen, or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the employment or non- employment or the terms of employment and conditions of employment of any person.

(3) The Registrar on registering a Trade Union shall issue a certificate of registration in prescribed Form C, which shall be conclusive evidence that the Trade Union has been duly registered.

(4) Conciliation means bringing two opposing sides together to reach a compromise in an attempt to avoid taking a case to trial.

I. Industrial dispute will subsist inspite of closure of industry. II. An industrial dispute can arise when a demand is made by a workman and denied by the employer. III. Once a dispute is referred for adjudication, the presumption is that it is an industrial dispute are correct. 

(4) Layoff means suspension or termination of employment with or without notice by the employer or management. Layoffs are not caused by any fault of the employees, but by reasons such as lack of work, cash or material. 

(3) Under the Industrial Dispute Act, 1947, closure means the permanent closing down of a place of employment or part thereof.

(3) A refusal to work, organised by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to gain a concession or concessions from their employer. In other words, a strike means cessation of work coupled with gherao of management.