DNA makes RNA makes protein

RNA makes DNA makes protein

Protein makes DNA makes RNA

DNA makes protein makes RNA

mRNA

tRNA

rRNA

snRNA

To unwind the DNA double helix

To synthesize new DNA strands

To proofread and correct errors in DNA replication

To package DNA into chromosomes

Substitution

Deletion

Insertion

Transversion

To bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription

To terminate transcription

To splice introns out of RNA transcripts

To polyadenylate RNA transcripts

Primary structure

Secondary structure

Tertiary structure

Quaternary structure

To help proteins fold into their correct conformation

To prevent proteins from aggregating

To target proteins for degradation

To transport proteins across membranes

Phosphorylation

Glycosylation

Acetylation

Methylation

To transmit signals from the cell surface to the nucleus

To regulate gene expression

To control cell growth and differentiation

All of the above

Hormones

Neurotransmitters

Cytokines

Growth factors

To bind to cell surface receptors and activate signal transduction pathways

To hydrolyze GTP to GDP

To regulate the activity of adenylyl cyclase

All of the above

Receptor tyrosine kinase

Non-receptor tyrosine kinase

Serine/threonine kinase

Lipid kinase

To remove phosphate groups from proteins

To add phosphate groups to proteins

To regulate the activity of protein kinases

All of the above

G1 checkpoint

G2 checkpoint

M checkpoint

S checkpoint

To prevent uncontrolled cell growth

To promote cell death

To repair DNA damage

All of the above