Architecture serves multiple purposes, including providing shelter, expressing cultural values, and creating aesthetic experiences.

Vitruvius, a Roman architect, identified firmness (durability), commodity (functionality), and delight (aesthetics) as the essential elements of architecture.

Gothic architecture, prevalent in the Middle Ages, is known for its distinctive pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, which allowed for taller and more spacious buildings.

Stringcourses are horizontal moldings that separate different stories or levels of a building's facade, creating a visual division.

The Renaissance movement, which emerged in the 14th century, aimed to revive the classical forms, principles, and aesthetics of ancient Greece and Rome in architecture, art, and literature.

The bell tower, also known as the campanile, is the central, weight-bearing tower of a Gothic cathedral, typically located at the crossing of the nave and transepts.

Baroque architecture, popular in the 17th and 18th centuries, is known for its elaborate ornamentation, curved forms, dramatic lighting effects, and a sense of movement and energy.

A cornice is a decorative band or molding that runs along the top of a wall or building, often featuring dentils, modillions, or other ornamental elements.

Modernism, an architectural movement that emerged in the early 20th century, sought to break away from traditional forms and explore new materials, techniques, and aesthetics, emphasizing simplicity, functionality, and the use of new technologies.

A pediment is the triangular area above the entablature in classical architecture, often decorated with sculptures, reliefs, or inscriptions.

Postmodernism, an architectural movement that emerged in the late 20th century, is characterized by its use of geometric shapes, bold colors, playful forms, and a rejection of the strictures of modernism.

An entablature is the horizontal band of moldings and decorations that runs above the columns in classical architecture, typically consisting of an architrave, frieze, and cornice.

Brutalism, an architectural style popular in the mid-20th century, is known for its use of exposed concrete, raw materials, and a focus on structural expression, often resulting in bold and imposing forms.

A baseboard is a decorative molding that runs along the base of a wall or building, often used to cover the joint between the wall and the floor.

Deconstructivism, an architectural movement that emerged in the late 20th century, sought to deconstruct traditional forms and explore the relationship between architecture and philosophy, often resulting in fragmented and non-linear designs.