Marine and coastal zone management aims to ensure the sustainable use and conservation of marine and coastal resources, while minimizing negative impacts on these ecosystems.

Dredging and land reclamation are activities that can have negative impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems, and are therefore not considered to be key components of marine and coastal zone management.

Climate change, particularly rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification, is the primary threat to coral reefs worldwide, as it leads to coral bleaching and mortality.

Marine protected areas are designated areas of the ocean where fishing and other extractive activities are restricted or prohibited in order to protect marine ecosystems and biodiversity.

Integrated coastal management is an approach to managing coastal areas that takes into account the interactions between human activities and natural systems, and aims to balance economic development with environmental protection.

While marine and coastal zone management can lead to increased economic opportunities in some cases, it is not always a direct benefit, as it may involve restrictions on certain activities.

Ecosystem-based management is an approach to managing marine and coastal ecosystems that takes into account the interactions between species and their environment, and aims to maintain the health and integrity of the ecosystem as a whole.

While habitat destruction can occur in marine and coastal ecosystems, it is not as common as pollution, overfishing, and climate change.

Adaptive management is an approach to managing marine and coastal areas that allows for adjustments to be made based on new information and changing conditions, in order to ensure the effectiveness of management strategies.

Dredging and land reclamation are activities that can have negative impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems, and are therefore not commonly used as tools in marine and coastal zone management.

Marine spatial planning is the process of planning and managing the use of marine space in a way that balances ecological, economic, and social objectives.

While economic development is often a goal of marine and coastal zone management, it is not a key principle, as the primary focus is on protecting and conserving marine and coastal ecosystems.

Environmental impact assessment is the process of assessing the potential impacts of human activities on marine and coastal ecosystems, in order to inform decision-making and mitigate negative impacts.

While promoting sustainable tourism is important in some coastal areas, it is not a common challenge in marine and coastal zone management overall.

Stakeholder engagement is the process of involving stakeholders in the planning and management of marine and coastal areas, in order to ensure that their interests and concerns are taken into account.