Resilience is the ability of a system to withstand or recover from the effects of a disturbance, such as climate change. It is not a component of vulnerability, but rather a characteristic that can reduce vulnerability.

A region's vulnerability to climate change impacts can be influenced by a combination of geographic factors, such as its location relative to sea level or its exposure to extreme weather events; socioeconomic factors, such as poverty, inequality, and access to resources; and environmental factors, such as the condition of ecosystems and the availability of natural resources.

Vulnerability to climate change impacts can be assessed using a variety of methods, including vulnerability mapping, which involves creating maps that show the spatial distribution of vulnerability; the social vulnerability index, which measures the vulnerability of different social groups to climate change impacts; and climate risk assessment, which evaluates the potential risks and impacts of climate change on a particular region or sector.

Implementing adaptation measures is not a key step in assessing vulnerability to climate change impacts, but rather a response to the assessment findings. The key steps in assessing vulnerability include identifying the hazards and stressors that a region is exposed to, assessing the exposure and sensitivity of the region to these hazards and stressors, and evaluating the region's adaptive capacity.

There are a variety of measures that can be taken to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts, including building sea walls to protect coastal communities from sea level rise, investing in early warning systems for extreme weather events, and developing drought-resistant crop varieties.