The primary objective of international cooperation in combating bribery is to prevent and combat bribery and corruption, which are serious crimes that can undermine economic development, political stability, and the rule of law.

The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) is widely recognized as the cornerstone of global efforts to combat bribery. It is a comprehensive treaty that provides a framework for international cooperation in preventing and combating corruption, including bribery.

The OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions is a legally binding agreement that requires participating countries to criminalize the bribery of foreign public officials in international business transactions.

The Inter-American Convention against Corruption is a regional treaty that requires participating countries to take measures to prevent and combat corruption, including bribery.

The African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption is a regional treaty that requires participating countries to take measures to prevent and combat corruption, including bribery.

International cooperation helps in combating bribery by providing a framework for international cooperation, promoting the exchange of information and best practices, and facilitating the recovery of stolen assets.

Effective international cooperation in combating bribery faces challenges such as differences in legal systems and procedures, lack of political will, and insufficient resources.

Effective international cooperation in combating bribery requires strong political commitment, effective legal frameworks, and international cooperation mechanisms.

Civil society organizations play a crucial role in combating bribery by raising awareness about the issue, advocating for stronger laws and regulations, and monitoring the implementation of anti-bribery laws.

The media plays a crucial role in combating bribery by investigating and exposing corruption, raising awareness about the issue, and holding public officials accountable.

The private sector plays a crucial role in combating bribery by adopting anti-bribery policies and procedures, training employees on anti-bribery laws and regulations, and reporting any suspected bribery to the appropriate authorities.

Recent developments in international cooperation in combating bribery include the adoption of the UNCAC, the establishment of the OECD Working Group on Bribery, and the creation of the International Anti-Corruption Academy.

Challenges that remain in international cooperation in combating bribery include differences in legal systems and procedures, lack of political will, and insufficient resources.

International cooperation can be strengthened to combat bribery more effectively by strengthening legal frameworks, enhancing international cooperation mechanisms, and promoting capacity building.

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) plays a crucial role in combating bribery by providing technical assistance to countries in implementing anti-bribery laws and regulations, promoting international cooperation in combating bribery, and raising awareness about the issue of bribery.