The following were the strategies taken up by the All State Foundation (talked about in passage II) except:

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

The death of Deputy Jeff Anderson brought Rebecca Bearden to the reality that drinking drivers were not just the butt of party jokes. They were killers needing to be stopped. Rebecca Bearden says of her accident, "We were hit head on by a wrong way drunk driver, point-two-8 with two priors and he hit us. My fiancée was killed; I was very critically injured and not expected to live." That's when she joined MADD, Mothers Against Drunk Driving. While drunk driving has been illegal in California since 1911, enforcement was lax until MADD set out to change society's perception of the drunk driver. Rebecca Bearden says, "It's not just a car accident. It is a crime, and it is a violent crime. And we have worked very hard and have succeeded in convincing society that that is so." That change in mind-set meant that designated drivers were not sissies but socially responsible. Citizens embraced sobriety checkpoints as an acceptable inconvenience. It was ok to have a sober high school graduation. Spike Helmick of the California Highway Patrol says, "Those things have changed. It wasn't that way 25 years ago. Your chances of surviving on a California freeway are much better than the US average in part because the cops and the CHP are out there doing what they can to keep the drunks from killing you." Alcohol related deaths in California have gone DOWN 61-percent since 1980. While drivers and miles driven has gone UP 15-percent. The sanctions are swift and steep. In California an officer can yank a driver’s license on the spot if the driver tests drunk. Cliff Helander is a research manager for the Department of Motor Vehicles, "We evaluated the law after it was implemented in 1990 and found that it has a reduction of about 15-percent on alcohol related matters." The chance of being arrested again is cut in half if the driver completes a treatment program. The work is far from over. California still arrests a drunk driver every six minutes. And one in fifty California drivers know someone killed by a drunk driver. There's much yet to do. Rebecca refers to the drunk driver having a .28 blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The amount of alcohol in a person’s body is measured by the weight of the alcohol in a certain volume of blood. It is expressed as grams per deciliter of blood. In most states a person is considered intoxicated (drunk enough to make driving ability impaired) with a .10 BAC. The legal level in California is .08

Passage – II

The Allstate Foundation, Freeway Watch and Sierra On-Line today announced a strategy to increase safe driving behavior and decrease drunk driving among Utah teenagers by the year 2002. This strategy includes statewide initiatives for empowering citizens to recognize and report drunk drivers and for adopting a new, interactive teaching tool for Utah high school driver's education courses by 2002. Sandra Daumke, Regional Corporate Relations Manager for the Allstate Insurance in the Phoenix Region, will present a donation to Suzanne Peterson, Freeway Watch President, to purchase 150 copies of Driver's Education '99 from Sierra On-Line, part of the Cendant Software family, for high school driver education teachers throughout Utah. The Allstate Foundation plans to include Driver's Education '99, a risk-free 3D driving simulation for the PC, in all Utah high school driver education curriculums in order to increase and promote safe and defensive driving behavior among teens. Lt. Governor Olene Walker will read a Proclamation entitled "Operation 2002: Youth Safe Driving." This proclamation urges citizens to make Utah a safer place to live, work and raise a family by learning how to recognize and report DUI drivers and teaching youth safe driving behavior. In addition, Mary Phillips, MADD Vice-President Utah Chapter, will talk about her daughter Lizz who was killed by a drunk, unlicensed sixteen-year-old driver.

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

The death of Deputy Jeff Anderson brought Rebecca Bearden to the reality that drinking drivers were not just the butt of party jokes. They were killers needing to be stopped. Rebecca Bearden says of her accident, "We were hit head on by a wrong way drunk driver, point-two-8 with two priors and he hit us. My fiancée was killed; I was very critically injured and not expected to live." That's when she joined MADD, Mothers Against Drunk Driving. While drunk driving has been illegal in California since 1911, enforcement was lax until MADD set out to change society's perception of the drunk driver. Rebecca Bearden says, "It's not just a car accident. It is a crime, and it is a violent crime. And we have worked very hard and have succeeded in convincing society that that is so." That change in mind-set meant that designated drivers were not sissies but socially responsible. Citizens embraced sobriety checkpoints as an acceptable inconvenience. It was ok to have a sober high school graduation. Spike Helmick of the California Highway Patrol says, "Those things have changed. It wasn't that way 25 years ago. Your chances of surviving on a California freeway are much better than the US average in part because the cops and the CHP are out there doing what they can to keep the drunks from killing you." Alcohol related deaths in California have gone DOWN 61-percent since 1980. While drivers and miles driven has gone UP 15-percent. The sanctions are swift and steep. In California an officer can yank a driver’s license on the spot if the driver tests drunk. Cliff Helander is a research manager for the Department of Motor Vehicles, "We evaluated the law after it was implemented in 1990 and found that it has a reduction of about 15-percent on alcohol related matters." The chance of being arrested again is cut in half if the driver completes a treatment program. The work is far from over. California still arrests a drunk driver every six minutes. And one in fifty California drivers know someone killed by a drunk driver. There's much yet to do. Rebecca refers to the drunk driver having a .28 blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The amount of alcohol in a person’s body is measured by the weight of the alcohol in a certain volume of blood. It is expressed as grams per deciliter of blood. In most states a person is considered intoxicated (drunk enough to make driving ability impaired) with a .10 BAC. The legal level in California is .08

Passage – II

The Allstate Foundation, Freeway Watch and Sierra On-Line today announced a strategy to increase safe driving behavior and decrease drunk driving among Utah teenagers by the year 2002. This strategy includes statewide initiatives for empowering citizens to recognize and report drunk drivers and for adopting a new, interactive teaching tool for Utah high school driver's education courses by 2002. Sandra Daumke, Regional Corporate Relations Manager for the Allstate Insurance in the Phoenix Region, will present a donation to Suzanne Peterson, Freeway Watch President, to purchase 150 copies of Driver's Education '99 from Sierra On-Line, part of the Cendant Software family, for high school driver education teachers throughout Utah. The Allstate Foundation plans to include Driver's Education '99, a risk-free 3D driving simulation for the PC, in all Utah high school driver education curriculums in order to increase and promote safe and defensive driving behavior among teens. Lt. Governor Olene Walker will read a Proclamation entitled "Operation 2002: Youth Safe Driving." This proclamation urges citizens to make Utah a safer place to live, work and raise a family by learning how to recognize and report DUI drivers and teaching youth safe driving behavior. In addition, Mary Phillips, MADD Vice-President Utah Chapter, will talk about her daughter Lizz who was killed by a drunk, unlicensed sixteen-year-old driver.

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

The death of Deputy Jeff Anderson brought Rebecca Bearden to the reality that drinking drivers were not just the butt of party jokes. They were killers needing to be stopped. Rebecca Bearden says of her accident, "We were hit head on by a wrong way drunk driver, point-two-8 with two priors and he hit us. My fiancée was killed; I was very critically injured and not expected to live." That's when she joined MADD, Mothers Against Drunk Driving. While drunk driving has been illegal in California since 1911, enforcement was lax until MADD set out to change society's perception of the drunk driver. Rebecca Bearden says, "It's not just a car accident. It is a crime, and it is a violent crime. And we have worked very hard and have succeeded in convincing society that that is so." That change in mind-set meant that designated drivers were not sissies but socially responsible. Citizens embraced sobriety checkpoints as an acceptable inconvenience. It was ok to have a sober high school graduation. Spike Helmick of the California Highway Patrol says, "Those things have changed. It wasn't that way 25 years ago. Your chances of surviving on a California freeway are much better than the US average in part because the cops and the CHP are out there doing what they can to keep the drunks from killing you." Alcohol related deaths in California have gone DOWN 61-percent since 1980. While drivers and miles driven has gone UP 15-percent. The sanctions are swift and steep. In California an officer can yank a driver’s license on the spot if the driver tests drunk. Cliff Helander is a research manager for the Department of Motor Vehicles, "We evaluated the law after it was implemented in 1990 and found that it has a reduction of about 15-percent on alcohol related matters." The chance of being arrested again is cut in half if the driver completes a treatment program. The work is far from over. California still arrests a drunk driver every six minutes. And one in fifty California drivers know someone killed by a drunk driver. There's much yet to do. Rebecca refers to the drunk driver having a .28 blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The amount of alcohol in a person’s body is measured by the weight of the alcohol in a certain volume of blood. It is expressed as grams per deciliter of blood. In most states a person is considered intoxicated (drunk enough to make driving ability impaired) with a .10 BAC. The legal level in California is .08

Passage – II

The Allstate Foundation, Freeway Watch and Sierra On-Line today announced a strategy to increase safe driving behavior and decrease drunk driving among Utah teenagers by the year 2002. This strategy includes statewide initiatives for empowering citizens to recognize and report drunk drivers and for adopting a new, interactive teaching tool for Utah high school driver's education courses by 2002. Sandra Daumke, Regional Corporate Relations Manager for the Allstate Insurance in the Phoenix Region, will present a donation to Suzanne Peterson, Freeway Watch President, to purchase 150 copies of Driver's Education '99 from Sierra On-Line, part of the Cendant Software family, for high school driver education teachers throughout Utah. The Allstate Foundation plans to include Driver's Education '99, a risk-free 3D driving simulation for the PC, in all Utah high school driver education curriculums in order to increase and promote safe and defensive driving behavior among teens. Lt. Governor Olene Walker will read a Proclamation entitled "Operation 2002: Youth Safe Driving." This proclamation urges citizens to make Utah a safer place to live, work and raise a family by learning how to recognize and report DUI drivers and teaching youth safe driving behavior. In addition, Mary Phillips, MADD Vice-President Utah Chapter, will talk about her daughter Lizz who was killed by a drunk, unlicensed sixteen-year-old driver.

In Passage II, all of the following are reasons of using the correct electrolyte in a fuel cell except:

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

Fill 'er up with hydrogen? That’s what some California motorists may be saying soon, as car makers try to ramp up production of zero emission cars to meet state requirements by the year 2003.

Beneath the skin of this ordinary looking prototype sits an electro-chemical reactor: a hand built, astronomically expensive power plant known as a fuel cell. It’s expected to be running ordinary family cars on California’s roads within three years. Rocket scientists have been using fuel cells ever since the United States went to the moon more than 30 years ago. But they're generally too complicated and expensive for much other than a government-sponsored space program.

The California fuel cell partnership says it’s about to change that. Firoz Rasul of Ballard Power Systems says, "A fuel cell, very simply described, is a power generator. It makes electricity. It makes electricity on demand, and it makes it through the combination of hydrogen and oxygen." In this power systems, a hydrogen atom with its one electron, attempts to pass through a fuel cell membrane to unite with an oxygen atom. The membrane allows only the hydrogen proton to pass through, forcing its electron to scurry around the membrane to catch up with the proton on the other side. This creates electricity, water, and heat, but no exhaust emissions. Eight of the world's biggest automobile makers, along with energy companies and fuel cell builders, will work side by side in this Sacramento, California center to learn how to build fuel cell vehicles that work as well as cars with gasoline engines. John Wallace of Ford Motor Company says, "We still have technical challenges getting this extremely complex system to work properly, the way customers expect it to work. There are challenges in using new fuels, and providing the new fuel infrastructure.

And before fuel cell vehicles hit the road, there will have to be a network of hydrogen stations that will allow drivers to fill up with the flammable gas, under 36-hundred pounds of pressure. Manufacturers are confident they can build fuel cell powered vehicles. The questions they hope to answer here are: how reliable can they make them, and can they make them cheap enough for people to buy them.

Passage – II 

The basic workings of a fuel cell may not be difficult to illustrate. But building inexpensive, efficient, reliable fuel cells is a far more complicated business.

Scientists and inventors have designed many different types and sizes of fuel cells in the search for greater efficiency, and the technical details of each kind vary. Many of the choices facing fuel cell developers are constrained by the choice of electrolyte. The design of electrodes, for example, and the materials used to make them depend on the electrolyte. Today, the main electrolyte types are alkali, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane (PEM) and solid oxide. The first three are liquid electrolytes; the last two are solids.

The type of fuel also depends on the electrolyte. Some cells need pure hydrogen, and therefore demand extra equipment such as a “reformer” to purify the fuel. Other cells can tolerate some impurities, but might need higher temperatures to run efficiently. Liquid electrolytes circulate in some cells, which requires pumps. The type of electrolyte also dictates a cell’s operating temperature–“molten” carbonate cells run hot, just as the name implies.

Each type of fuel cell has advantages and drawbacks compared to the others, and none is yet cheap and efficient enough to widely replace traditional ways of generating power, such coal-fired, hydroelectric, or even nuclear power plants

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

Fill 'er up with hydrogen? That’s what some California motorists may be saying soon, as car makers try to ramp up production of zero emission cars to meet state requirements by the year 2003.

Beneath the skin of this ordinary looking prototype sits an electro-chemical reactor: a hand built, astronomically expensive power plant known as a fuel cell. It’s expected to be running ordinary family cars on California’s roads within three years. Rocket scientists have been using fuel cells ever since the United States went to the moon more than 30 years ago. But they're generally too complicated and expensive for much other than a government-sponsored space program.

The California fuel cell partnership says it’s about to change that. Firoz Rasul of Ballard Power Systems says, "A fuel cell, very simply described, is a power generator. It makes electricity. It makes electricity on demand, and it makes it through the combination of hydrogen and oxygen." In this power systems, a hydrogen atom with its one electron, attempts to pass through a fuel cell membrane to unite with an oxygen atom. The membrane allows only the hydrogen proton to pass through, forcing its electron to scurry around the membrane to catch up with the proton on the other side. This creates electricity, water, and heat, but no exhaust emissions. Eight of the world's biggest automobile makers, along with energy companies and fuel cell builders, will work side by side in this Sacramento, California center to learn how to build fuel cell vehicles that work as well as cars with gasoline engines. John Wallace of Ford Motor Company says, "We still have technical challenges getting this extremely complex system to work properly, the way customers expect it to work. There are challenges in using new fuels, and providing the new fuel infrastructure.

And before fuel cell vehicles hit the road, there will have to be a network of hydrogen stations that will allow drivers to fill up with the flammable gas, under 36-hundred pounds of pressure. Manufacturers are confident they can build fuel cell powered vehicles. The questions they hope to answer here are: how reliable can they make them, and can they make them cheap enough for people to buy them.

Passage – II 

The basic workings of a fuel cell may not be difficult to illustrate. But building inexpensive, efficient, reliable fuel cells is a far more complicated business.

Scientists and inventors have designed many different types and sizes of fuel cells in the search for greater efficiency, and the technical details of each kind vary. Many of the choices facing fuel cell developers are constrained by the choice of electrolyte. The design of electrodes, for example, and the materials used to make them depend on the electrolyte. Today, the main electrolyte types are alkali, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane (PEM) and solid oxide. The first three are liquid electrolytes; the last two are solids.

The type of fuel also depends on the electrolyte. Some cells need pure hydrogen, and therefore demand extra equipment such as a “reformer” to purify the fuel. Other cells can tolerate some impurities, but might need higher temperatures to run efficiently. Liquid electrolytes circulate in some cells, which requires pumps. The type of electrolyte also dictates a cell’s operating temperature–“molten” carbonate cells run hot, just as the name implies.

Each type of fuel cell has advantages and drawbacks compared to the others, and none is yet cheap and efficient enough to widely replace traditional ways of generating power, such coal-fired, hydroelectric, or even nuclear power plants

Citizens embraced sobriety checkpoints as an acceptable inconvenience. In Passage I 'sobriety' means

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

The death of Deputy Jeff Anderson brought Rebecca Bearden to the reality that drinking drivers were not just the butt of party jokes. They were killers needing to be stopped. Rebecca Bearden says of her accident, "We were hit head on by a wrong way drunk driver, point-two-8 with two priors and he hit us. My fiancée was killed; I was very critically injured and not expected to live." That's when she joined MADD, Mothers Against Drunk Driving. While drunk driving has been illegal in California since 1911, enforcement was lax until MADD set out to change society's perception of the drunk driver. Rebecca Bearden says, "It's not just a car accident. It is a crime, and it is a violent crime. And we have worked very hard and have succeeded in convincing society that that is so." That change in mind-set meant that designated drivers were not sissies but socially responsible. Citizens embraced sobriety checkpoints as an acceptable inconvenience. It was ok to have a sober high school graduation. Spike Helmick of the California Highway Patrol says, "Those things have changed. It wasn't that way 25 years ago. Your chances of surviving on a California freeway are much better than the US average in part because the cops and the CHP are out there doing what they can to keep the drunks from killing you." Alcohol related deaths in California have gone DOWN 61-percent since 1980. While drivers and miles driven has gone UP 15-percent. The sanctions are swift and steep. In California an officer can yank a driver’s license on the spot if the driver tests drunk. Cliff Helander is a research manager for the Department of Motor Vehicles, "We evaluated the law after it was implemented in 1990 and found that it has a reduction of about 15-percent on alcohol related matters." The chance of being arrested again is cut in half if the driver completes a treatment program. The work is far from over. California still arrests a drunk driver every six minutes. And one in fifty California drivers know someone killed by a drunk driver. There's much yet to do. Rebecca refers to the drunk driver having a .28 blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The amount of alcohol in a person’s body is measured by the weight of the alcohol in a certain volume of blood. It is expressed as grams per deciliter of blood. In most states a person is considered intoxicated (drunk enough to make driving ability impaired) with a .10 BAC. The legal level in California is .08

Passage – II

The Allstate Foundation, Freeway Watch and Sierra On-Line today announced a strategy to increase safe driving behavior and decrease drunk driving among Utah teenagers by the year 2002. This strategy includes statewide initiatives for empowering citizens to recognize and report drunk drivers and for adopting a new, interactive teaching tool for Utah high school driver's education courses by 2002. Sandra Daumke, Regional Corporate Relations Manager for the Allstate Insurance in the Phoenix Region, will present a donation to Suzanne Peterson, Freeway Watch President, to purchase 150 copies of Driver's Education '99 from Sierra On-Line, part of the Cendant Software family, for high school driver education teachers throughout Utah. The Allstate Foundation plans to include Driver's Education '99, a risk-free 3D driving simulation for the PC, in all Utah high school driver education curriculums in order to increase and promote safe and defensive driving behavior among teens. Lt. Governor Olene Walker will read a Proclamation entitled "Operation 2002: Youth Safe Driving." This proclamation urges citizens to make Utah a safer place to live, work and raise a family by learning how to recognize and report DUI drivers and teaching youth safe driving behavior. In addition, Mary Phillips, MADD Vice-President Utah Chapter, will talk about her daughter Lizz who was killed by a drunk, unlicensed sixteen-year-old driver.

In Passage I why is it stated that fuel cells are too expensive for other than a governmental sponsored space program?

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

Fill 'er up with hydrogen? That’s what some California motorists may be saying soon, as car makers try to ramp up production of zero emission cars to meet state requirements by the year 2003.

Beneath the skin of this ordinary looking prototype sits an electro-chemical reactor: a hand built, astronomically expensive power plant known as a fuel cell. It’s expected to be running ordinary family cars on California’s roads within three years. Rocket scientists have been using fuel cells ever since the United States went to the moon more than 30 years ago. But they're generally too complicated and expensive for much other than a government-sponsored space program.

The California fuel cell partnership says it’s about to change that. Firoz Rasul of Ballard Power Systems says, "A fuel cell, very simply described, is a power generator. It makes electricity. It makes electricity on demand, and it makes it through the combination of hydrogen and oxygen." In this power systems, a hydrogen atom with its one electron, attempts to pass through a fuel cell membrane to unite with an oxygen atom. The membrane allows only the hydrogen proton to pass through, forcing its electron to scurry around the membrane to catch up with the proton on the other side. This creates electricity, water, and heat, but no exhaust emissions. Eight of the world's biggest automobile makers, along with energy companies and fuel cell builders, will work side by side in this Sacramento, California center to learn how to build fuel cell vehicles that work as well as cars with gasoline engines. John Wallace of Ford Motor Company says, "We still have technical challenges getting this extremely complex system to work properly, the way customers expect it to work. There are challenges in using new fuels, and providing the new fuel infrastructure.

And before fuel cell vehicles hit the road, there will have to be a network of hydrogen stations that will allow drivers to fill up with the flammable gas, under 36-hundred pounds of pressure. Manufacturers are confident they can build fuel cell powered vehicles. The questions they hope to answer here are: how reliable can they make them, and can they make them cheap enough for people to buy them.

Passage – II 

The basic workings of a fuel cell may not be difficult to illustrate. But building inexpensive, efficient, reliable fuel cells is a far more complicated business.

Scientists and inventors have designed many different types and sizes of fuel cells in the search for greater efficiency, and the technical details of each kind vary. Many of the choices facing fuel cell developers are constrained by the choice of electrolyte. The design of electrodes, for example, and the materials used to make them depend on the electrolyte. Today, the main electrolyte types are alkali, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane (PEM) and solid oxide. The first three are liquid electrolytes; the last two are solids.

The type of fuel also depends on the electrolyte. Some cells need pure hydrogen, and therefore demand extra equipment such as a “reformer” to purify the fuel. Other cells can tolerate some impurities, but might need higher temperatures to run efficiently. Liquid electrolytes circulate in some cells, which requires pumps. The type of electrolyte also dictates a cell’s operating temperature–“molten” carbonate cells run hot, just as the name implies.

Each type of fuel cell has advantages and drawbacks compared to the others, and none is yet cheap and efficient enough to widely replace traditional ways of generating power, such coal-fired, hydroelectric, or even nuclear power plants

All of the following are common in two passages, except

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

The death of Deputy Jeff Anderson brought Rebecca Bearden to the reality that drinking drivers were not just the butt of party jokes. They were killers needing to be stopped. Rebecca Bearden says of her accident, "We were hit head on by a wrong way drunk driver, point-two-8 with two priors and he hit us. My fiancée was killed; I was very critically injured and not expected to live." That's when she joined MADD, Mothers Against Drunk Driving. While drunk driving has been illegal in California since 1911, enforcement was lax until MADD set out to change society's perception of the drunk driver. Rebecca Bearden says, "It's not just a car accident. It is a crime, and it is a violent crime. And we have worked very hard and have succeeded in convincing society that that is so." That change in mind-set meant that designated drivers were not sissies but socially responsible. Citizens embraced sobriety checkpoints as an acceptable inconvenience. It was ok to have a sober high school graduation. Spike Helmick of the California Highway Patrol says, "Those things have changed. It wasn't that way 25 years ago. Your chances of surviving on a California freeway are much better than the US average in part because the cops and the CHP are out there doing what they can to keep the drunks from killing you." Alcohol related deaths in California have gone DOWN 61-percent since 1980. While drivers and miles driven has gone UP 15-percent. The sanctions are swift and steep. In California an officer can yank a driver’s license on the spot if the driver tests drunk. Cliff Helander is a research manager for the Department of Motor Vehicles, "We evaluated the law after it was implemented in 1990 and found that it has a reduction of about 15-percent on alcohol related matters." The chance of being arrested again is cut in half if the driver completes a treatment program. The work is far from over. California still arrests a drunk driver every six minutes. And one in fifty California drivers know someone killed by a drunk driver. There's much yet to do. Rebecca refers to the drunk driver having a .28 blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The amount of alcohol in a person’s body is measured by the weight of the alcohol in a certain volume of blood. It is expressed as grams per deciliter of blood. In most states a person is considered intoxicated (drunk enough to make driving ability impaired) with a .10 BAC. The legal level in California is .08

Passage – II

The Allstate Foundation, Freeway Watch and Sierra On-Line today announced a strategy to increase safe driving behavior and decrease drunk driving among Utah teenagers by the year 2002. This strategy includes statewide initiatives for empowering citizens to recognize and report drunk drivers and for adopting a new, interactive teaching tool for Utah high school driver's education courses by 2002. Sandra Daumke, Regional Corporate Relations Manager for the Allstate Insurance in the Phoenix Region, will present a donation to Suzanne Peterson, Freeway Watch President, to purchase 150 copies of Driver's Education '99 from Sierra On-Line, part of the Cendant Software family, for high school driver education teachers throughout Utah. The Allstate Foundation plans to include Driver's Education '99, a risk-free 3D driving simulation for the PC, in all Utah high school driver education curriculums in order to increase and promote safe and defensive driving behavior among teens. Lt. Governor Olene Walker will read a Proclamation entitled "Operation 2002: Youth Safe Driving." This proclamation urges citizens to make Utah a safer place to live, work and raise a family by learning how to recognize and report DUI drivers and teaching youth safe driving behavior. In addition, Mary Phillips, MADD Vice-President Utah Chapter, will talk about her daughter Lizz who was killed by a drunk, unlicensed sixteen-year-old driver.

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

When the numbers start going up here, you can bet the pressure gauge rises here also. It is pressure to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge, known as ANWR, has been off limits since 1980 to any oil exploration without Congressional approval. Alaska's Sen. Frank Murkowski says it's time for Congress to reconsider. Sen. Frank Murkowski says, “ANWR becomes one of the reasonable alternatives and consequently we want to pursue it.” **Environmentalists call the ANWR the biological heart of Alaska, and compare it to the Serengeti plains of Africa for the diversity of wildlife. They say, put an oil field here and you will destroy it forever. Bruce Hamilton of the Sierra Club says, “We’re going to sacrifice something that we should be passing on to our grandchildren as a national heritage, in order to have a quick fix of oil for six months and if you really want additional oil there are better ways to do it through conservation.” Alaska ships 10 percent of its oil to Asia, but petroleum producers say the percentage is too small to affect U.S. supplies or prices. When gas prices soar there’s a rally cry by the oil industry. They say, “Open the refuge and drill and the U.S. would no longer be over a barrel.” Mark Rubin of the American Petroleum Institute says, by using oil from ANWR, “It has been estimated through the U.S. Geological Survey estimates that we could replace the same amount of oil that we are importing through Saudi Arabia for the next 30 years.” As the oil industry dreams of vast pools of crude beneath the Arctic tundra, environmentalists say their dream is to get President Clinton to declare the ANWR a national monument. This is the only surefire way, they say, to keep the refuge wild and free. 
** Senator Murkowski is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources commercial.

Passage - II

Secretary “Bruce Babbit” responds to the proposed legislation "I strongly oppose legislation introduced in the Senate today to open the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling. President Clinton has shown great leadership by announcing his intention to veto past Congressional attempts to circumvent the wishes of millions of Americans nationwide who oppose the degradation of their national treasure. These Americans and the Clinton/Gore Administration have made it clear again and again: we will protect this last undeveloped fragment of America's arctic coastline for the thousands of caribou, polar bears, swans, snow geese, musk oxen and countless other species who use it to birth and shelter their young. There is a time and a place for oil exploration in Alaska, and we have permitted environmentally sensitive oil exploration in a large area of the National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska, an area set aside for that purpose. There is a big difference between the designation of a National Petroleum Reserve and a National Wildlife Refuge but some in Congress consistently fail to recognize this fact. So today I am recommending that President Clinton oppose any further Republican Congressional attempts to use legislation to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling."

What is closest to the meaning of 'Gauge' in Passage I?

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

When the numbers start going up here, you can bet the pressure gauge rises here also. It is pressure to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge, known as ANWR, has been off limits since 1980 to any oil exploration without Congressional approval. Alaska's Sen. Frank Murkowski says it's time for Congress to reconsider. Sen. Frank Murkowski says, “ANWR becomes one of the reasonable alternatives and consequently we want to pursue it.” **Environmentalists call the ANWR the biological heart of Alaska, and compare it to the Serengeti plains of Africa for the diversity of wildlife. They say, put an oil field here and you will destroy it forever. Bruce Hamilton of the Sierra Club says, “We’re going to sacrifice something that we should be passing on to our grandchildren as a national heritage, in order to have a quick fix of oil for six months and if you really want additional oil there are better ways to do it through conservation.” Alaska ships 10 percent of its oil to Asia, but petroleum producers say the percentage is too small to affect U.S. supplies or prices. When gas prices soar there’s a rally cry by the oil industry. They say, “Open the refuge and drill and the U.S. would no longer be over a barrel.” Mark Rubin of the American Petroleum Institute says, by using oil from ANWR, “It has been estimated through the U.S. Geological Survey estimates that we could replace the same amount of oil that we are importing through Saudi Arabia for the next 30 years.” As the oil industry dreams of vast pools of crude beneath the Arctic tundra, environmentalists say their dream is to get President Clinton to declare the ANWR a national monument. This is the only surefire way, they say, to keep the refuge wild and free. 
** Senator Murkowski is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources commercial.

Passage - II

Secretary “Bruce Babbit” responds to the proposed legislation "I strongly oppose legislation introduced in the Senate today to open the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling. President Clinton has shown great leadership by announcing his intention to veto past Congressional attempts to circumvent the wishes of millions of Americans nationwide who oppose the degradation of their national treasure. These Americans and the Clinton/Gore Administration have made it clear again and again: we will protect this last undeveloped fragment of America's arctic coastline for the thousands of caribou, polar bears, swans, snow geese, musk oxen and countless other species who use it to birth and shelter their young. There is a time and a place for oil exploration in Alaska, and we have permitted environmentally sensitive oil exploration in a large area of the National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska, an area set aside for that purpose. There is a big difference between the designation of a National Petroleum Reserve and a National Wildlife Refuge but some in Congress consistently fail to recognize this fact. So today I am recommending that President Clinton oppose any further Republican Congressional attempts to use legislation to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling."

The phrase “ramp up” in Passage I is closest in meaning to

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

Fill 'er up with hydrogen? That’s what some California motorists may be saying soon, as car makers try to ramp up production of zero emission cars to meet state requirements by the year 2003.

Beneath the skin of this ordinary looking prototype sits an electro-chemical reactor: a hand built, astronomically expensive power plant known as a fuel cell. It’s expected to be running ordinary family cars on California’s roads within three years. Rocket scientists have been using fuel cells ever since the United States went to the moon more than 30 years ago. But they're generally too complicated and expensive for much other than a government-sponsored space program.

The California fuel cell partnership says it’s about to change that. Firoz Rasul of Ballard Power Systems says, "A fuel cell, very simply described, is a power generator. It makes electricity. It makes electricity on demand, and it makes it through the combination of hydrogen and oxygen." In this power systems, a hydrogen atom with its one electron, attempts to pass through a fuel cell membrane to unite with an oxygen atom. The membrane allows only the hydrogen proton to pass through, forcing its electron to scurry around the membrane to catch up with the proton on the other side. This creates electricity, water, and heat, but no exhaust emissions. Eight of the world's biggest automobile makers, along with energy companies and fuel cell builders, will work side by side in this Sacramento, California center to learn how to build fuel cell vehicles that work as well as cars with gasoline engines. John Wallace of Ford Motor Company says, "We still have technical challenges getting this extremely complex system to work properly, the way customers expect it to work. There are challenges in using new fuels, and providing the new fuel infrastructure.

And before fuel cell vehicles hit the road, there will have to be a network of hydrogen stations that will allow drivers to fill up with the flammable gas, under 36-hundred pounds of pressure. Manufacturers are confident they can build fuel cell powered vehicles. The questions they hope to answer here are: how reliable can they make them, and can they make them cheap enough for people to buy them.

Passage – II 

The basic workings of a fuel cell may not be difficult to illustrate. But building inexpensive, efficient, reliable fuel cells is a far more complicated business.

Scientists and inventors have designed many different types and sizes of fuel cells in the search for greater efficiency, and the technical details of each kind vary. Many of the choices facing fuel cell developers are constrained by the choice of electrolyte. The design of electrodes, for example, and the materials used to make them depend on the electrolyte. Today, the main electrolyte types are alkali, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane (PEM) and solid oxide. The first three are liquid electrolytes; the last two are solids.

The type of fuel also depends on the electrolyte. Some cells need pure hydrogen, and therefore demand extra equipment such as a “reformer” to purify the fuel. Other cells can tolerate some impurities, but might need higher temperatures to run efficiently. Liquid electrolytes circulate in some cells, which requires pumps. The type of electrolyte also dictates a cell’s operating temperature–“molten” carbonate cells run hot, just as the name implies.

Each type of fuel cell has advantages and drawbacks compared to the others, and none is yet cheap and efficient enough to widely replace traditional ways of generating power, such coal-fired, hydroelectric, or even nuclear power plants

The death of Deputy Jeff Anderson brought Rebecca Bearden to the reality that drinking drivers were not just the butt of party jokes. In Passage I 'Butt' means

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

The death of Deputy Jeff Anderson brought Rebecca Bearden to the reality that drinking drivers were not just the butt of party jokes. They were killers needing to be stopped. Rebecca Bearden says of her accident, "We were hit head on by a wrong way drunk driver, point-two-8 with two priors and he hit us. My fiancée was killed; I was very critically injured and not expected to live." That's when she joined MADD, Mothers Against Drunk Driving. While drunk driving has been illegal in California since 1911, enforcement was lax until MADD set out to change society's perception of the drunk driver. Rebecca Bearden says, "It's not just a car accident. It is a crime, and it is a violent crime. And we have worked very hard and have succeeded in convincing society that that is so." That change in mind-set meant that designated drivers were not sissies but socially responsible. Citizens embraced sobriety checkpoints as an acceptable inconvenience. It was ok to have a sober high school graduation. Spike Helmick of the California Highway Patrol says, "Those things have changed. It wasn't that way 25 years ago. Your chances of surviving on a California freeway are much better than the US average in part because the cops and the CHP are out there doing what they can to keep the drunks from killing you." Alcohol related deaths in California have gone DOWN 61-percent since 1980. While drivers and miles driven has gone UP 15-percent. The sanctions are swift and steep. In California an officer can yank a driver’s license on the spot if the driver tests drunk. Cliff Helander is a research manager for the Department of Motor Vehicles, "We evaluated the law after it was implemented in 1990 and found that it has a reduction of about 15-percent on alcohol related matters." The chance of being arrested again is cut in half if the driver completes a treatment program. The work is far from over. California still arrests a drunk driver every six minutes. And one in fifty California drivers know someone killed by a drunk driver. There's much yet to do. Rebecca refers to the drunk driver having a .28 blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The amount of alcohol in a person’s body is measured by the weight of the alcohol in a certain volume of blood. It is expressed as grams per deciliter of blood. In most states a person is considered intoxicated (drunk enough to make driving ability impaired) with a .10 BAC. The legal level in California is .08

Passage – II

The Allstate Foundation, Freeway Watch and Sierra On-Line today announced a strategy to increase safe driving behavior and decrease drunk driving among Utah teenagers by the year 2002. This strategy includes statewide initiatives for empowering citizens to recognize and report drunk drivers and for adopting a new, interactive teaching tool for Utah high school driver's education courses by 2002. Sandra Daumke, Regional Corporate Relations Manager for the Allstate Insurance in the Phoenix Region, will present a donation to Suzanne Peterson, Freeway Watch President, to purchase 150 copies of Driver's Education '99 from Sierra On-Line, part of the Cendant Software family, for high school driver education teachers throughout Utah. The Allstate Foundation plans to include Driver's Education '99, a risk-free 3D driving simulation for the PC, in all Utah high school driver education curriculums in order to increase and promote safe and defensive driving behavior among teens. Lt. Governor Olene Walker will read a Proclamation entitled "Operation 2002: Youth Safe Driving." This proclamation urges citizens to make Utah a safer place to live, work and raise a family by learning how to recognize and report DUI drivers and teaching youth safe driving behavior. In addition, Mary Phillips, MADD Vice-President Utah Chapter, will talk about her daughter Lizz who was killed by a drunk, unlicensed sixteen-year-old driver.

Computer simulation (highlighted in Passage II) can be mentioned in the context of the following topics except:

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

The death of Deputy Jeff Anderson brought Rebecca Bearden to the reality that drinking drivers were not just the butt of party jokes. They were killers needing to be stopped. Rebecca Bearden says of her accident, "We were hit head on by a wrong way drunk driver, point-two-8 with two priors and he hit us. My fiancée was killed; I was very critically injured and not expected to live." That's when she joined MADD, Mothers Against Drunk Driving. While drunk driving has been illegal in California since 1911, enforcement was lax until MADD set out to change society's perception of the drunk driver. Rebecca Bearden says, "It's not just a car accident. It is a crime, and it is a violent crime. And we have worked very hard and have succeeded in convincing society that that is so." That change in mind-set meant that designated drivers were not sissies but socially responsible. Citizens embraced sobriety checkpoints as an acceptable inconvenience. It was ok to have a sober high school graduation. Spike Helmick of the California Highway Patrol says, "Those things have changed. It wasn't that way 25 years ago. Your chances of surviving on a California freeway are much better than the US average in part because the cops and the CHP are out there doing what they can to keep the drunks from killing you." Alcohol related deaths in California have gone DOWN 61-percent since 1980. While drivers and miles driven has gone UP 15-percent. The sanctions are swift and steep. In California an officer can yank a driver’s license on the spot if the driver tests drunk. Cliff Helander is a research manager for the Department of Motor Vehicles, "We evaluated the law after it was implemented in 1990 and found that it has a reduction of about 15-percent on alcohol related matters." The chance of being arrested again is cut in half if the driver completes a treatment program. The work is far from over. California still arrests a drunk driver every six minutes. And one in fifty California drivers know someone killed by a drunk driver. There's much yet to do. Rebecca refers to the drunk driver having a .28 blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The amount of alcohol in a person’s body is measured by the weight of the alcohol in a certain volume of blood. It is expressed as grams per deciliter of blood. In most states a person is considered intoxicated (drunk enough to make driving ability impaired) with a .10 BAC. The legal level in California is .08

Passage – II

The Allstate Foundation, Freeway Watch and Sierra On-Line today announced a strategy to increase safe driving behavior and decrease drunk driving among Utah teenagers by the year 2002. This strategy includes statewide initiatives for empowering citizens to recognize and report drunk drivers and for adopting a new, interactive teaching tool for Utah high school driver's education courses by 2002. Sandra Daumke, Regional Corporate Relations Manager for the Allstate Insurance in the Phoenix Region, will present a donation to Suzanne Peterson, Freeway Watch President, to purchase 150 copies of Driver's Education '99 from Sierra On-Line, part of the Cendant Software family, for high school driver education teachers throughout Utah. The Allstate Foundation plans to include Driver's Education '99, a risk-free 3D driving simulation for the PC, in all Utah high school driver education curriculums in order to increase and promote safe and defensive driving behavior among teens. Lt. Governor Olene Walker will read a Proclamation entitled "Operation 2002: Youth Safe Driving." This proclamation urges citizens to make Utah a safer place to live, work and raise a family by learning how to recognize and report DUI drivers and teaching youth safe driving behavior. In addition, Mary Phillips, MADD Vice-President Utah Chapter, will talk about her daughter Lizz who was killed by a drunk, unlicensed sixteen-year-old driver.

What is closest to the meaning of 'veto' in line 2 of passage II?

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

When the numbers start going up here, you can bet the pressure gauge rises here also. It is pressure to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge, known as ANWR, has been off limits since 1980 to any oil exploration without Congressional approval. Alaska's Sen. Frank Murkowski says it's time for Congress to reconsider. Sen. Frank Murkowski says, “ANWR becomes one of the reasonable alternatives and consequently we want to pursue it.” **Environmentalists call the ANWR the biological heart of Alaska, and compare it to the Serengeti plains of Africa for the diversity of wildlife. They say, put an oil field here and you will destroy it forever. Bruce Hamilton of the Sierra Club says, “We’re going to sacrifice something that we should be passing on to our grandchildren as a national heritage, in order to have a quick fix of oil for six months and if you really want additional oil there are better ways to do it through conservation.” Alaska ships 10 percent of its oil to Asia, but petroleum producers say the percentage is too small to affect U.S. supplies or prices. When gas prices soar there’s a rally cry by the oil industry. They say, “Open the refuge and drill and the U.S. would no longer be over a barrel.” Mark Rubin of the American Petroleum Institute says, by using oil from ANWR, “It has been estimated through the U.S. Geological Survey estimates that we could replace the same amount of oil that we are importing through Saudi Arabia for the next 30 years.” As the oil industry dreams of vast pools of crude beneath the Arctic tundra, environmentalists say their dream is to get President Clinton to declare the ANWR a national monument. This is the only surefire way, they say, to keep the refuge wild and free. 
** Senator Murkowski is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources commercial.

Passage - II

Secretary “Bruce Babbit” responds to the proposed legislation "I strongly oppose legislation introduced in the Senate today to open the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling. President Clinton has shown great leadership by announcing his intention to veto past Congressional attempts to circumvent the wishes of millions of Americans nationwide who oppose the degradation of their national treasure. These Americans and the Clinton/Gore Administration have made it clear again and again: we will protect this last undeveloped fragment of America's arctic coastline for the thousands of caribou, polar bears, swans, snow geese, musk oxen and countless other species who use it to birth and shelter their young. There is a time and a place for oil exploration in Alaska, and we have permitted environmentally sensitive oil exploration in a large area of the National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska, an area set aside for that purpose. There is a big difference between the designation of a National Petroleum Reserve and a National Wildlife Refuge but some in Congress consistently fail to recognize this fact. So today I am recommending that President Clinton oppose any further Republican Congressional attempts to use legislation to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling."

Comparing Passage I to Passage II, which of the following questions is not answered in Passage II?

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

Fill 'er up with hydrogen? That’s what some California motorists may be saying soon, as car makers try to ramp up production of zero emission cars to meet state requirements by the year 2003.

Beneath the skin of this ordinary looking prototype sits an electro-chemical reactor: a hand built, astronomically expensive power plant known as a fuel cell. It’s expected to be running ordinary family cars on California’s roads within three years. Rocket scientists have been using fuel cells ever since the United States went to the moon more than 30 years ago. But they're generally too complicated and expensive for much other than a government-sponsored space program.

The California fuel cell partnership says it’s about to change that. Firoz Rasul of Ballard Power Systems says, "A fuel cell, very simply described, is a power generator. It makes electricity. It makes electricity on demand, and it makes it through the combination of hydrogen and oxygen." In this power systems, a hydrogen atom with its one electron, attempts to pass through a fuel cell membrane to unite with an oxygen atom. The membrane allows only the hydrogen proton to pass through, forcing its electron to scurry around the membrane to catch up with the proton on the other side. This creates electricity, water, and heat, but no exhaust emissions. Eight of the world's biggest automobile makers, along with energy companies and fuel cell builders, will work side by side in this Sacramento, California center to learn how to build fuel cell vehicles that work as well as cars with gasoline engines. John Wallace of Ford Motor Company says, "We still have technical challenges getting this extremely complex system to work properly, the way customers expect it to work. There are challenges in using new fuels, and providing the new fuel infrastructure.

And before fuel cell vehicles hit the road, there will have to be a network of hydrogen stations that will allow drivers to fill up with the flammable gas, under 36-hundred pounds of pressure. Manufacturers are confident they can build fuel cell powered vehicles. The questions they hope to answer here are: how reliable can they make them, and can they make them cheap enough for people to buy them.

Passage – II 

The basic workings of a fuel cell may not be difficult to illustrate. But building inexpensive, efficient, reliable fuel cells is a far more complicated business.

Scientists and inventors have designed many different types and sizes of fuel cells in the search for greater efficiency, and the technical details of each kind vary. Many of the choices facing fuel cell developers are constrained by the choice of electrolyte. The design of electrodes, for example, and the materials used to make them depend on the electrolyte. Today, the main electrolyte types are alkali, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane (PEM) and solid oxide. The first three are liquid electrolytes; the last two are solids.

The type of fuel also depends on the electrolyte. Some cells need pure hydrogen, and therefore demand extra equipment such as a “reformer” to purify the fuel. Other cells can tolerate some impurities, but might need higher temperatures to run efficiently. Liquid electrolytes circulate in some cells, which requires pumps. The type of electrolyte also dictates a cell’s operating temperature–“molten” carbonate cells run hot, just as the name implies.

Each type of fuel cell has advantages and drawbacks compared to the others, and none is yet cheap and efficient enough to widely replace traditional ways of generating power, such coal-fired, hydroelectric, or even nuclear power plants

Look at the selection of comments in Passage II by Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt. What is his opinion of the proposed legislation by Senator Murkowski?

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

When the numbers start going up here, you can bet the pressure gauge rises here also. It is pressure to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge, known as ANWR, has been off limits since 1980 to any oil exploration without Congressional approval. Alaska's Sen. Frank Murkowski says it's time for Congress to reconsider. Sen. Frank Murkowski says, “ANWR becomes one of the reasonable alternatives and consequently we want to pursue it.” **Environmentalists call the ANWR the biological heart of Alaska, and compare it to the Serengeti plains of Africa for the diversity of wildlife. They say, put an oil field here and you will destroy it forever. Bruce Hamilton of the Sierra Club says, “We’re going to sacrifice something that we should be passing on to our grandchildren as a national heritage, in order to have a quick fix of oil for six months and if you really want additional oil there are better ways to do it through conservation.” Alaska ships 10 percent of its oil to Asia, but petroleum producers say the percentage is too small to affect U.S. supplies or prices. When gas prices soar there’s a rally cry by the oil industry. They say, “Open the refuge and drill and the U.S. would no longer be over a barrel.” Mark Rubin of the American Petroleum Institute says, by using oil from ANWR, “It has been estimated through the U.S. Geological Survey estimates that we could replace the same amount of oil that we are importing through Saudi Arabia for the next 30 years.” As the oil industry dreams of vast pools of crude beneath the Arctic tundra, environmentalists say their dream is to get President Clinton to declare the ANWR a national monument. This is the only surefire way, they say, to keep the refuge wild and free. 
** Senator Murkowski is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources commercial.

Passage - II

Secretary “Bruce Babbit” responds to the proposed legislation "I strongly oppose legislation introduced in the Senate today to open the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling. President Clinton has shown great leadership by announcing his intention to veto past Congressional attempts to circumvent the wishes of millions of Americans nationwide who oppose the degradation of their national treasure. These Americans and the Clinton/Gore Administration have made it clear again and again: we will protect this last undeveloped fragment of America's arctic coastline for the thousands of caribou, polar bears, swans, snow geese, musk oxen and countless other species who use it to birth and shelter their young. There is a time and a place for oil exploration in Alaska, and we have permitted environmentally sensitive oil exploration in a large area of the National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska, an area set aside for that purpose. There is a big difference between the designation of a National Petroleum Reserve and a National Wildlife Refuge but some in Congress consistently fail to recognize this fact. So today I am recommending that President Clinton oppose any further Republican Congressional attempts to use legislation to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling."

Why haven't fuel cells replaced the other known methods pf generating power (Passage II)?

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

Fill 'er up with hydrogen? That’s what some California motorists may be saying soon, as car makers try to ramp up production of zero emission cars to meet state requirements by the year 2003.

Beneath the skin of this ordinary looking prototype sits an electro-chemical reactor: a hand built, astronomically expensive power plant known as a fuel cell. It’s expected to be running ordinary family cars on California’s roads within three years. Rocket scientists have been using fuel cells ever since the United States went to the moon more than 30 years ago. But they're generally too complicated and expensive for much other than a government-sponsored space program.

The California fuel cell partnership says it’s about to change that. Firoz Rasul of Ballard Power Systems says, "A fuel cell, very simply described, is a power generator. It makes electricity. It makes electricity on demand, and it makes it through the combination of hydrogen and oxygen." In this power systems, a hydrogen atom with its one electron, attempts to pass through a fuel cell membrane to unite with an oxygen atom. The membrane allows only the hydrogen proton to pass through, forcing its electron to scurry around the membrane to catch up with the proton on the other side. This creates electricity, water, and heat, but no exhaust emissions. Eight of the world's biggest automobile makers, along with energy companies and fuel cell builders, will work side by side in this Sacramento, California center to learn how to build fuel cell vehicles that work as well as cars with gasoline engines. John Wallace of Ford Motor Company says, "We still have technical challenges getting this extremely complex system to work properly, the way customers expect it to work. There are challenges in using new fuels, and providing the new fuel infrastructure.

And before fuel cell vehicles hit the road, there will have to be a network of hydrogen stations that will allow drivers to fill up with the flammable gas, under 36-hundred pounds of pressure. Manufacturers are confident they can build fuel cell powered vehicles. The questions they hope to answer here are: how reliable can they make them, and can they make them cheap enough for people to buy them.

Passage – II 

The basic workings of a fuel cell may not be difficult to illustrate. But building inexpensive, efficient, reliable fuel cells is a far more complicated business.

Scientists and inventors have designed many different types and sizes of fuel cells in the search for greater efficiency, and the technical details of each kind vary. Many of the choices facing fuel cell developers are constrained by the choice of electrolyte. The design of electrodes, for example, and the materials used to make them depend on the electrolyte. Today, the main electrolyte types are alkali, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane (PEM) and solid oxide. The first three are liquid electrolytes; the last two are solids.

The type of fuel also depends on the electrolyte. Some cells need pure hydrogen, and therefore demand extra equipment such as a “reformer” to purify the fuel. Other cells can tolerate some impurities, but might need higher temperatures to run efficiently. Liquid electrolytes circulate in some cells, which requires pumps. The type of electrolyte also dictates a cell’s operating temperature–“molten” carbonate cells run hot, just as the name implies.

Each type of fuel cell has advantages and drawbacks compared to the others, and none is yet cheap and efficient enough to widely replace traditional ways of generating power, such coal-fired, hydroelectric, or even nuclear power plants

What is closest to the meaning of “prototype” in passage I?

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

Fill 'er up with hydrogen? That’s what some California motorists may be saying soon, as car makers try to ramp up production of zero emission cars to meet state requirements by the year 2003.

Beneath the skin of this ordinary looking prototype sits an electro-chemical reactor: a hand built, astronomically expensive power plant known as a fuel cell. It’s expected to be running ordinary family cars on California’s roads within three years. Rocket scientists have been using fuel cells ever since the United States went to the moon more than 30 years ago. But they're generally too complicated and expensive for much other than a government-sponsored space program.

The California fuel cell partnership says it’s about to change that. Firoz Rasul of Ballard Power Systems says, "A fuel cell, very simply described, is a power generator. It makes electricity. It makes electricity on demand, and it makes it through the combination of hydrogen and oxygen." In this power systems, a hydrogen atom with its one electron, attempts to pass through a fuel cell membrane to unite with an oxygen atom. The membrane allows only the hydrogen proton to pass through, forcing its electron to scurry around the membrane to catch up with the proton on the other side. This creates electricity, water, and heat, but no exhaust emissions. Eight of the world's biggest automobile makers, along with energy companies and fuel cell builders, will work side by side in this Sacramento, California center to learn how to build fuel cell vehicles that work as well as cars with gasoline engines. John Wallace of Ford Motor Company says, "We still have technical challenges getting this extremely complex system to work properly, the way customers expect it to work. There are challenges in using new fuels, and providing the new fuel infrastructure.

And before fuel cell vehicles hit the road, there will have to be a network of hydrogen stations that will allow drivers to fill up with the flammable gas, under 36-hundred pounds of pressure. Manufacturers are confident they can build fuel cell powered vehicles. The questions they hope to answer here are: how reliable can they make them, and can they make them cheap enough for people to buy them.

Passage – II 

The basic workings of a fuel cell may not be difficult to illustrate. But building inexpensive, efficient, reliable fuel cells is a far more complicated business.

Scientists and inventors have designed many different types and sizes of fuel cells in the search for greater efficiency, and the technical details of each kind vary. Many of the choices facing fuel cell developers are constrained by the choice of electrolyte. The design of electrodes, for example, and the materials used to make them depend on the electrolyte. Today, the main electrolyte types are alkali, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane (PEM) and solid oxide. The first three are liquid electrolytes; the last two are solids.

The type of fuel also depends on the electrolyte. Some cells need pure hydrogen, and therefore demand extra equipment such as a “reformer” to purify the fuel. Other cells can tolerate some impurities, but might need higher temperatures to run efficiently. Liquid electrolytes circulate in some cells, which requires pumps. The type of electrolyte also dictates a cell’s operating temperature–“molten” carbonate cells run hot, just as the name implies.

Each type of fuel cell has advantages and drawbacks compared to the others, and none is yet cheap and efficient enough to widely replace traditional ways of generating power, such coal-fired, hydroelectric, or even nuclear power plants

According to all the readings, what is the relationship between gas prices and behavior?

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

When the numbers start going up here, you can bet the pressure gauge rises here also. It is pressure to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge, known as ANWR, has been off limits since 1980 to any oil exploration without Congressional approval. Alaska's Sen. Frank Murkowski says it's time for Congress to reconsider. Sen. Frank Murkowski says, “ANWR becomes one of the reasonable alternatives and consequently we want to pursue it.” **Environmentalists call the ANWR the biological heart of Alaska, and compare it to the Serengeti plains of Africa for the diversity of wildlife. They say, put an oil field here and you will destroy it forever. Bruce Hamilton of the Sierra Club says, “We’re going to sacrifice something that we should be passing on to our grandchildren as a national heritage, in order to have a quick fix of oil for six months and if you really want additional oil there are better ways to do it through conservation.” Alaska ships 10 percent of its oil to Asia, but petroleum producers say the percentage is too small to affect U.S. supplies or prices. When gas prices soar there’s a rally cry by the oil industry. They say, “Open the refuge and drill and the U.S. would no longer be over a barrel.” Mark Rubin of the American Petroleum Institute says, by using oil from ANWR, “It has been estimated through the U.S. Geological Survey estimates that we could replace the same amount of oil that we are importing through Saudi Arabia for the next 30 years.” As the oil industry dreams of vast pools of crude beneath the Arctic tundra, environmentalists say their dream is to get President Clinton to declare the ANWR a national monument. This is the only surefire way, they say, to keep the refuge wild and free. 
** Senator Murkowski is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources commercial.

Passage - II

Secretary “Bruce Babbit” responds to the proposed legislation "I strongly oppose legislation introduced in the Senate today to open the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling. President Clinton has shown great leadership by announcing his intention to veto past Congressional attempts to circumvent the wishes of millions of Americans nationwide who oppose the degradation of their national treasure. These Americans and the Clinton/Gore Administration have made it clear again and again: we will protect this last undeveloped fragment of America's arctic coastline for the thousands of caribou, polar bears, swans, snow geese, musk oxen and countless other species who use it to birth and shelter their young. There is a time and a place for oil exploration in Alaska, and we have permitted environmentally sensitive oil exploration in a large area of the National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska, an area set aside for that purpose. There is a big difference between the designation of a National Petroleum Reserve and a National Wildlife Refuge but some in Congress consistently fail to recognize this fact. So today I am recommending that President Clinton oppose any further Republican Congressional attempts to use legislation to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling."

In Passage I, why might California have a zero emissions policy for cars?

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

Fill 'er up with hydrogen? That’s what some California motorists may be saying soon, as car makers try to ramp up production of zero emission cars to meet state requirements by the year 2003.

Beneath the skin of this ordinary looking prototype sits an electro-chemical reactor: a hand built, astronomically expensive power plant known as a fuel cell. It’s expected to be running ordinary family cars on California’s roads within three years. Rocket scientists have been using fuel cells ever since the United States went to the moon more than 30 years ago. But they're generally too complicated and expensive for much other than a government-sponsored space program.

The California fuel cell partnership says it’s about to change that. Firoz Rasul of Ballard Power Systems says, "A fuel cell, very simply described, is a power generator. It makes electricity. It makes electricity on demand, and it makes it through the combination of hydrogen and oxygen." In this power systems, a hydrogen atom with its one electron, attempts to pass through a fuel cell membrane to unite with an oxygen atom. The membrane allows only the hydrogen proton to pass through, forcing its electron to scurry around the membrane to catch up with the proton on the other side. This creates electricity, water, and heat, but no exhaust emissions. Eight of the world's biggest automobile makers, along with energy companies and fuel cell builders, will work side by side in this Sacramento, California center to learn how to build fuel cell vehicles that work as well as cars with gasoline engines. John Wallace of Ford Motor Company says, "We still have technical challenges getting this extremely complex system to work properly, the way customers expect it to work. There are challenges in using new fuels, and providing the new fuel infrastructure.

And before fuel cell vehicles hit the road, there will have to be a network of hydrogen stations that will allow drivers to fill up with the flammable gas, under 36-hundred pounds of pressure. Manufacturers are confident they can build fuel cell powered vehicles. The questions they hope to answer here are: how reliable can they make them, and can they make them cheap enough for people to buy them.

Passage – II 

The basic workings of a fuel cell may not be difficult to illustrate. But building inexpensive, efficient, reliable fuel cells is a far more complicated business.

Scientists and inventors have designed many different types and sizes of fuel cells in the search for greater efficiency, and the technical details of each kind vary. Many of the choices facing fuel cell developers are constrained by the choice of electrolyte. The design of electrodes, for example, and the materials used to make them depend on the electrolyte. Today, the main electrolyte types are alkali, molten carbonate, phosphoric acid, proton exchange membrane (PEM) and solid oxide. The first three are liquid electrolytes; the last two are solids.

The type of fuel also depends on the electrolyte. Some cells need pure hydrogen, and therefore demand extra equipment such as a “reformer” to purify the fuel. Other cells can tolerate some impurities, but might need higher temperatures to run efficiently. Liquid electrolytes circulate in some cells, which requires pumps. The type of electrolyte also dictates a cell’s operating temperature–“molten” carbonate cells run hot, just as the name implies.

Each type of fuel cell has advantages and drawbacks compared to the others, and none is yet cheap and efficient enough to widely replace traditional ways of generating power, such coal-fired, hydroelectric, or even nuclear power plants

Why have some people called oil exploration in the ANWR a “sacrifice of a national heritage”? (Passage I)

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

When the numbers start going up here, you can bet the pressure gauge rises here also. It is pressure to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge, known as ANWR, has been off limits since 1980 to any oil exploration without Congressional approval. Alaska's Sen. Frank Murkowski says it's time for Congress to reconsider. Sen. Frank Murkowski says, “ANWR becomes one of the reasonable alternatives and consequently we want to pursue it.” **Environmentalists call the ANWR the biological heart of Alaska, and compare it to the Serengeti plains of Africa for the diversity of wildlife. They say, put an oil field here and you will destroy it forever. Bruce Hamilton of the Sierra Club says, “We’re going to sacrifice something that we should be passing on to our grandchildren as a national heritage, in order to have a quick fix of oil for six months and if you really want additional oil there are better ways to do it through conservation.” Alaska ships 10 percent of its oil to Asia, but petroleum producers say the percentage is too small to affect U.S. supplies or prices. When gas prices soar there’s a rally cry by the oil industry. They say, “Open the refuge and drill and the U.S. would no longer be over a barrel.” Mark Rubin of the American Petroleum Institute says, by using oil from ANWR, “It has been estimated through the U.S. Geological Survey estimates that we could replace the same amount of oil that we are importing through Saudi Arabia for the next 30 years.” As the oil industry dreams of vast pools of crude beneath the Arctic tundra, environmentalists say their dream is to get President Clinton to declare the ANWR a national monument. This is the only surefire way, they say, to keep the refuge wild and free. 
** Senator Murkowski is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources commercial.

Passage - II

Secretary “Bruce Babbit” responds to the proposed legislation "I strongly oppose legislation introduced in the Senate today to open the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling. President Clinton has shown great leadership by announcing his intention to veto past Congressional attempts to circumvent the wishes of millions of Americans nationwide who oppose the degradation of their national treasure. These Americans and the Clinton/Gore Administration have made it clear again and again: we will protect this last undeveloped fragment of America's arctic coastline for the thousands of caribou, polar bears, swans, snow geese, musk oxen and countless other species who use it to birth and shelter their young. There is a time and a place for oil exploration in Alaska, and we have permitted environmentally sensitive oil exploration in a large area of the National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska, an area set aside for that purpose. There is a big difference between the designation of a National Petroleum Reserve and a National Wildlife Refuge but some in Congress consistently fail to recognize this fact. So today I am recommending that President Clinton oppose any further Republican Congressional attempts to use legislation to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling."

Why has the speaker talked about National Petroleum Reserve in Passage II?

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

When the numbers start going up here, you can bet the pressure gauge rises here also. It is pressure to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge, known as ANWR, has been off limits since 1980 to any oil exploration without Congressional approval. Alaska's Sen. Frank Murkowski says it's time for Congress to reconsider. Sen. Frank Murkowski says, “ANWR becomes one of the reasonable alternatives and consequently we want to pursue it.” **Environmentalists call the ANWR the biological heart of Alaska, and compare it to the Serengeti plains of Africa for the diversity of wildlife. They say, put an oil field here and you will destroy it forever. Bruce Hamilton of the Sierra Club says, “We’re going to sacrifice something that we should be passing on to our grandchildren as a national heritage, in order to have a quick fix of oil for six months and if you really want additional oil there are better ways to do it through conservation.” Alaska ships 10 percent of its oil to Asia, but petroleum producers say the percentage is too small to affect U.S. supplies or prices. When gas prices soar there’s a rally cry by the oil industry. They say, “Open the refuge and drill and the U.S. would no longer be over a barrel.” Mark Rubin of the American Petroleum Institute says, by using oil from ANWR, “It has been estimated through the U.S. Geological Survey estimates that we could replace the same amount of oil that we are importing through Saudi Arabia for the next 30 years.” As the oil industry dreams of vast pools of crude beneath the Arctic tundra, environmentalists say their dream is to get President Clinton to declare the ANWR a national monument. This is the only surefire way, they say, to keep the refuge wild and free. 
** Senator Murkowski is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources commercial.

Passage - II

Secretary “Bruce Babbit” responds to the proposed legislation "I strongly oppose legislation introduced in the Senate today to open the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling. President Clinton has shown great leadership by announcing his intention to veto past Congressional attempts to circumvent the wishes of millions of Americans nationwide who oppose the degradation of their national treasure. These Americans and the Clinton/Gore Administration have made it clear again and again: we will protect this last undeveloped fragment of America's arctic coastline for the thousands of caribou, polar bears, swans, snow geese, musk oxen and countless other species who use it to birth and shelter their young. There is a time and a place for oil exploration in Alaska, and we have permitted environmentally sensitive oil exploration in a large area of the National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska, an area set aside for that purpose. There is a big difference between the designation of a National Petroleum Reserve and a National Wildlife Refuge but some in Congress consistently fail to recognize this fact. So today I am recommending that President Clinton oppose any further Republican Congressional attempts to use legislation to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling."

Why do environmentalists call the ANWR the biological heart of Alaska?( Passage I)

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

When the numbers start going up here, you can bet the pressure gauge rises here also. It is pressure to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge, known as ANWR, has been off limits since 1980 to any oil exploration without Congressional approval. Alaska's Sen. Frank Murkowski says it's time for Congress to reconsider. Sen. Frank Murkowski says, “ANWR becomes one of the reasonable alternatives and consequently we want to pursue it.” **Environmentalists call the ANWR the biological heart of Alaska, and compare it to the Serengeti plains of Africa for the diversity of wildlife. They say, put an oil field here and you will destroy it forever. Bruce Hamilton of the Sierra Club says, “We’re going to sacrifice something that we should be passing on to our grandchildren as a national heritage, in order to have a quick fix of oil for six months and if you really want additional oil there are better ways to do it through conservation.” Alaska ships 10 percent of its oil to Asia, but petroleum producers say the percentage is too small to affect U.S. supplies or prices. When gas prices soar there’s a rally cry by the oil industry. They say, “Open the refuge and drill and the U.S. would no longer be over a barrel.” Mark Rubin of the American Petroleum Institute says, by using oil from ANWR, “It has been estimated through the U.S. Geological Survey estimates that we could replace the same amount of oil that we are importing through Saudi Arabia for the next 30 years.” As the oil industry dreams of vast pools of crude beneath the Arctic tundra, environmentalists say their dream is to get President Clinton to declare the ANWR a national monument. This is the only surefire way, they say, to keep the refuge wild and free. 
** Senator Murkowski is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources commercial.

Passage - II

Secretary “Bruce Babbit” responds to the proposed legislation "I strongly oppose legislation introduced in the Senate today to open the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling. President Clinton has shown great leadership by announcing his intention to veto past Congressional attempts to circumvent the wishes of millions of Americans nationwide who oppose the degradation of their national treasure. These Americans and the Clinton/Gore Administration have made it clear again and again: we will protect this last undeveloped fragment of America's arctic coastline for the thousands of caribou, polar bears, swans, snow geese, musk oxen and countless other species who use it to birth and shelter their young. There is a time and a place for oil exploration in Alaska, and we have permitted environmentally sensitive oil exploration in a large area of the National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska, an area set aside for that purpose. There is a big difference between the designation of a National Petroleum Reserve and a National Wildlife Refuge but some in Congress consistently fail to recognize this fact. So today I am recommending that President Clinton oppose any further Republican Congressional attempts to use legislation to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling."

In Passage I Rebecca thinks that alcohol-related accidents

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

The death of Deputy Jeff Anderson brought Rebecca Bearden to the reality that drinking drivers were not just the butt of party jokes. They were killers needing to be stopped. Rebecca Bearden says of her accident, "We were hit head on by a wrong way drunk driver, point-two-8 with two priors and he hit us. My fiancée was killed; I was very critically injured and not expected to live." That's when she joined MADD, Mothers Against Drunk Driving. While drunk driving has been illegal in California since 1911, enforcement was lax until MADD set out to change society's perception of the drunk driver. Rebecca Bearden says, "It's not just a car accident. It is a crime, and it is a violent crime. And we have worked very hard and have succeeded in convincing society that that is so." That change in mind-set meant that designated drivers were not sissies but socially responsible. Citizens embraced sobriety checkpoints as an acceptable inconvenience. It was ok to have a sober high school graduation. Spike Helmick of the California Highway Patrol says, "Those things have changed. It wasn't that way 25 years ago. Your chances of surviving on a California freeway are much better than the US average in part because the cops and the CHP are out there doing what they can to keep the drunks from killing you." Alcohol related deaths in California have gone DOWN 61-percent since 1980. While drivers and miles driven has gone UP 15-percent. The sanctions are swift and steep. In California an officer can yank a driver’s license on the spot if the driver tests drunk. Cliff Helander is a research manager for the Department of Motor Vehicles, "We evaluated the law after it was implemented in 1990 and found that it has a reduction of about 15-percent on alcohol related matters." The chance of being arrested again is cut in half if the driver completes a treatment program. The work is far from over. California still arrests a drunk driver every six minutes. And one in fifty California drivers know someone killed by a drunk driver. There's much yet to do. Rebecca refers to the drunk driver having a .28 blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The amount of alcohol in a person’s body is measured by the weight of the alcohol in a certain volume of blood. It is expressed as grams per deciliter of blood. In most states a person is considered intoxicated (drunk enough to make driving ability impaired) with a .10 BAC. The legal level in California is .08

Passage – II

The Allstate Foundation, Freeway Watch and Sierra On-Line today announced a strategy to increase safe driving behavior and decrease drunk driving among Utah teenagers by the year 2002. This strategy includes statewide initiatives for empowering citizens to recognize and report drunk drivers and for adopting a new, interactive teaching tool for Utah high school driver's education courses by 2002. Sandra Daumke, Regional Corporate Relations Manager for the Allstate Insurance in the Phoenix Region, will present a donation to Suzanne Peterson, Freeway Watch President, to purchase 150 copies of Driver's Education '99 from Sierra On-Line, part of the Cendant Software family, for high school driver education teachers throughout Utah. The Allstate Foundation plans to include Driver's Education '99, a risk-free 3D driving simulation for the PC, in all Utah high school driver education curriculums in order to increase and promote safe and defensive driving behavior among teens. Lt. Governor Olene Walker will read a Proclamation entitled "Operation 2002: Youth Safe Driving." This proclamation urges citizens to make Utah a safer place to live, work and raise a family by learning how to recognize and report DUI drivers and teaching youth safe driving behavior. In addition, Mary Phillips, MADD Vice-President Utah Chapter, will talk about her daughter Lizz who was killed by a drunk, unlicensed sixteen-year-old driver.

In Passage I, Senator Murkowski says oil exploration in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is _____:

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage – I

When the numbers start going up here, you can bet the pressure gauge rises here also. It is pressure to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge, known as ANWR, has been off limits since 1980 to any oil exploration without Congressional approval. Alaska's Sen. Frank Murkowski says it's time for Congress to reconsider. Sen. Frank Murkowski says, “ANWR becomes one of the reasonable alternatives and consequently we want to pursue it.” **Environmentalists call the ANWR the biological heart of Alaska, and compare it to the Serengeti plains of Africa for the diversity of wildlife. They say, put an oil field here and you will destroy it forever. Bruce Hamilton of the Sierra Club says, “We’re going to sacrifice something that we should be passing on to our grandchildren as a national heritage, in order to have a quick fix of oil for six months and if you really want additional oil there are better ways to do it through conservation.” Alaska ships 10 percent of its oil to Asia, but petroleum producers say the percentage is too small to affect U.S. supplies or prices. When gas prices soar there’s a rally cry by the oil industry. They say, “Open the refuge and drill and the U.S. would no longer be over a barrel.” Mark Rubin of the American Petroleum Institute says, by using oil from ANWR, “It has been estimated through the U.S. Geological Survey estimates that we could replace the same amount of oil that we are importing through Saudi Arabia for the next 30 years.” As the oil industry dreams of vast pools of crude beneath the Arctic tundra, environmentalists say their dream is to get President Clinton to declare the ANWR a national monument. This is the only surefire way, they say, to keep the refuge wild and free. 
** Senator Murkowski is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources commercial.

Passage - II

Secretary “Bruce Babbit” responds to the proposed legislation "I strongly oppose legislation introduced in the Senate today to open the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling. President Clinton has shown great leadership by announcing his intention to veto past Congressional attempts to circumvent the wishes of millions of Americans nationwide who oppose the degradation of their national treasure. These Americans and the Clinton/Gore Administration have made it clear again and again: we will protect this last undeveloped fragment of America's arctic coastline for the thousands of caribou, polar bears, swans, snow geese, musk oxen and countless other species who use it to birth and shelter their young. There is a time and a place for oil exploration in Alaska, and we have permitted environmentally sensitive oil exploration in a large area of the National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska, an area set aside for that purpose. There is a big difference between the designation of a National Petroleum Reserve and a National Wildlife Refuge but some in Congress consistently fail to recognize this fact. So today I am recommending that President Clinton oppose any further Republican Congressional attempts to use legislation to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling."