The increasing complexity of global issues, such as climate change, pandemics, and cyber warfare, has made it more difficult for states to negotiate and cooperate effectively.

Technology has had a profound impact on diplomacy, making it more efficient, effective, transparent, accountable, and accessible to non-state actors.

Multilateral diplomacy plays a vital role in the 21st century by promoting cooperation, resolving conflicts, addressing global challenges, and providing a forum for dialogue and negotiation.

Multilateral diplomacy faces a number of challenges in the 21st century, including the rise of nationalism, the increasing complexity of global issues, the decline of the nation-state, and the spread of terrorism.

Diplomacy will continue to play an important role in the 21st century, but it will need to adapt to the changing global landscape, which includes the rise of nationalism, the increasing complexity of global issues, the decline of the nation-state, and the spread of terrorism.