Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel is considered the father of modern idealism. His comprehensive philosophical system, known as Absolute Idealism, emphasized the unity of all reality and the primacy of the Absolute Spirit.

Idealism posits that reality is fundamentally mental and subjective, meaning that it is dependent on the consciousness and experiences of individual minds.

Idealism questions the possibility of objective knowledge, arguing that all knowledge is ultimately subjective and dependent on the structure and limitations of human consciousness.

Kantianism, developed by Immanuel Kant, is an ethical theory that emphasizes the importance of duty, reason, and universal moral principles. It is often associated with idealism due to its focus on the primacy of reason and the categorical imperative.

Idealism has had a significant impact on various fields, including quantum mechanics, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science. Its emphasis on the role of consciousness and mental processes has stimulated research and theoretical exploration in these areas.

John Searle, Thomas Nagel, and David Chalmers are contemporary philosophers who have defended idealism against physicalism, the view that all reality is ultimately physical.

Idealism's focus on consciousness raises questions about the nature of free will, the problem of other minds (how we can know that other people have minds), and the existence of God.

Logical positivism, a philosophical movement that emerged in the early 20th century, rejected idealism's emphasis on the primacy of consciousness and instead focused on the verification and logical analysis of statements.

Idealism's influence can be seen in the work of artists and writers such as William Blake, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who explored themes of consciousness, imagination, and the relationship between the mind and the external world.

New materialism, speculative realism, and object-oriented ontology are contemporary philosophical movements that draw inspiration from idealism's emphasis on the role of consciousness and the relationship between the mind and the external world.

Idealism's focus on consciousness has implications for our understanding of the nature of reality, the limits of human knowledge, and the relationship between the mind and the body.

Idealism has been criticized for being too subjective, failing to account for the existence of physical objects, and being incompatible with the findings of modern science.

Idealism remains relevant in contemporary philosophy because it provides a framework for understanding the relationship between mind and body, challenges the assumption that the external world is independent of our minds, and raises questions about the nature of reality and consciousness.

In idealism, the term 'Absolute' refers to the ultimate reality or ground of all existence. It is the source and foundation of all that is, encompassing both the mental and physical realms.

Aristotle is not a prominent idealist philosopher. He is generally classified as a realist, believing that the external world exists independently of our minds.