Functional diversity refers to the variety of functions performed by different species in an ecosystem.

Species richness is a measure of the number of different species in an ecosystem, while functional diversity encompasses the variety of functions performed by those species.

Functional diversity contributes to ecosystem functioning by increasing the stability of ecosystem processes, enhancing the efficiency of resource use, and promoting resilience to environmental changes.

Functional redundancy refers to the degree to which different species perform similar functions in an ecosystem.

Functional redundancy increases the stability of ecosystem processes, reduces the risk of species loss, and enhances the efficiency of resource use. It does not promote competition between species.

Functional complementarity refers to the degree to which different species perform different functions in an ecosystem.

Functional complementarity increases the efficiency of resource use, promotes niche differentiation, and enhances the resilience of ecosystems to environmental changes. It does not reduce competition between species.

Functional evenness refers to the evenness of the distribution of species across different functional groups in an ecosystem.

Functional evenness increases the stability of ecosystem processes, reduces the risk of species loss, and enhances the efficiency of resource use. It does not promote competition between species.

Cultural values encompass the beliefs, values, and practices that shape how people interact with the environment, as well as the economic, aesthetic, and other values that people derive from nature.

Cultural values can influence functional diversity by shaping the way people manage and use ecosystems, affecting the distribution and abundance of species, and influencing the selection of species for conservation.

Ecosystem services are the benefits that people derive from ecosystems, such as clean air and water, food, and shelter.

Pollination is an ecological process, not a cultural ecosystem service.

Cultural values can be incorporated into conservation planning by engaging with local communities and stakeholders, considering the cultural significance of species and ecosystems, and developing conservation strategies that are culturally sensitive.

Some of the challenges to incorporating cultural values into conservation planning include lack of awareness of cultural values among conservation practitioners, difficulty in quantifying cultural values, and potential conflicts between cultural values and conservation goals.