Rationalism, as exemplified by philosophers like René Descartes, posits that reason is the primary source of knowledge and that the world can be understood through logical reasoning and deduction.

Kant argued that the human mind can only access phenomena, or appearances, and that the true nature of reality, the Thing-in-Itself, remains beyond the grasp of reason.

Fideism, often associated with thinkers like Søren Kierkegaard, maintains that faith is a non-rational leap beyond the limits of reason and that religious truths are accessible only through divine revelation.

The fideistic leap is a concept associated with fideism, describing a sudden and irrational conversion experience where an individual embraces religious faith without relying on rational arguments or evidence.

Scholasticism, particularly as championed by Thomas Aquinas, aimed to harmonize faith and reason by employing logical reasoning and philosophical arguments to demonstrate the existence of God and the tenets of Christian theology.

James, in his influential work 'The Varieties of Religious Experience,' argued that religious faith primarily serves to provide emotional comfort and psychological well-being, rather than offering intellectual certainty or absolute truth.

Phenomenology, as exemplified by thinkers like Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, focuses on the subjective experience of religious phenomena, seeking to understand the meaning and significance of religious beliefs and practices from the individual's perspective.

Plantinga argues that the proper function of religious belief is to provide hope and meaning in the face of suffering, rather than serving as a comprehensive explanation of the universe or promoting social cohesion.

Naturalism, particularly as espoused by philosophers like Ludwig Feuerbach and Friedrich Nietzsche, asserts that religious beliefs are products of natural and human causes, such as cultural evolution, psychological needs, and social structures.

The problem of evil is a philosophical and theological challenge that arises from the apparent contradiction between the existence of suffering and evil in the world and the belief in a benevolent and omnipotent God.

Theology of Nature, often associated with thinkers like Thomas Berry and Teilhard de Chardin, seeks to reconcile faith and reason by exploring the interconnectedness of the natural world and the divine.

Taylor's concept of the 'buffered self' refers to the idea that the self is shaped and influenced by the cultural and social norms of the community in which it exists.

Pyrrhonism, as advocated by ancient Greek philosophers like Pyrrho of Elis, emphasizes the importance of doubt and skepticism, arguing that all knowledge is uncertain and that one should suspend judgment on all matters.

The fideist critique of reason argues that human reason is limited and incapable of fully comprehending the mysteries of faith, which can only be accessed through divine revelation.

Mysticism, often associated with figures like Meister Eckhart and Teresa of Ávila, emphasizes the importance of personal experience and spiritual intuition in understanding religious truths, beyond the limitations of reason and logical argumentation.