To represent the interests of specific social groups.

To regulate the economy and ensure economic stability.

To provide military defense and protect national security.

To manage public health and education systems.

Two-party system

Multi-party system

One-party system

No-party system

To educate citizens about their rights and responsibilities.

To mobilize voters and ensure high voter turnout.

To recruit and train political leaders and candidates.

To shape public opinion and influence political discourse.

By providing a platform for political competition and conflict resolution.

By ensuring equal representation of all social groups in government.

By promoting transparency and accountability in government decision-making.

By preventing the concentration of power in the hands of a single individual or group.

Political parties are always aligned with specific interest groups and represent their interests exclusively.

Political parties are independent of interest groups and do not take into account their demands.

Political parties may form alliances with interest groups to gain support and influence policy decisions.

Political parties are always in conflict with interest groups and compete for power and influence.

Political parties nominate candidates based on their personal wealth and social status.

Political parties select candidates through a democratic process involving party members.

Political parties appoint candidates based on their loyalty to the party leadership.

Political parties choose candidates based on their popularity among the general public.

Political parties develop and implement policies independently of government institutions.

Political parties have no influence on policy-making and only focus on winning elections.

Political parties negotiate and compromise with other parties to shape public policy.

Political parties are responsible for enforcing and implementing public policies.

Political parties monitor the performance of government officials and hold them accountable.

Political parties provide legal immunity to government officials, protecting them from accountability.

Political parties have no role in holding government officials accountable and focus solely on electoral success.

Political parties appoint government officials and are responsible for their actions.

Political parties have no influence on voter turnout and rely solely on individual motivation.

Political parties increase voter turnout by mobilizing their supporters and encouraging them to vote.

Political parties decrease voter turnout by discouraging participation in elections.

Political parties have no consistent impact on voter turnout and its effects vary across different contexts.

Political parties have no influence on public opinion and only respond to it.

Political parties shape public opinion by disseminating their ideologies and messages to the public.

Political parties manipulate public opinion through propaganda and misinformation campaigns.

Political parties have no role in shaping public opinion and focus solely on winning elections.

Political parties aggregate interests by combining them into a single, unified platform.

Political parties have no role in interest aggregation and focus solely on electoral success.

Political parties prevent interest aggregation by dividing society into competing groups.

Political parties promote interest aggregation by encouraging the formation of new interest groups.

By providing a platform for political competition and conflict resolution.

By ensuring equal representation of all social groups in government.

By promoting transparency and accountability in government decision-making.

By preventing the concentration of power in the hands of a single individual or group.

Political parties and the media are always in conflict and compete for public attention.

Political parties have no relationship with the media and operate independently.

Political parties rely on the media to disseminate their messages and influence public opinion.

Political parties control the media and use it to promote their own interests.

Political parties develop and implement policies independently of government institutions.

Political parties have no influence on policy-making and only focus on winning elections.

Political parties negotiate and compromise with other parties to shape public policy.

Political parties are responsible for enforcing and implementing public policies.

To educate citizens about their rights and responsibilities.

To mobilize voters and ensure high voter turnout.

To recruit and train political leaders and candidates.

To shape public opinion and influence political discourse.