The biosphere encompasses all living organisms on Earth and their interactions with the physical environment, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.

Rocks are part of the geosphere, not the biosphere. The biosphere includes living organisms and their interactions with the physical environment.

Plants play a crucial role in the biosphere by producing oxygen through photosynthesis, which is essential for the survival of aerobic organisms.

Decomposition is the process by which organic matter is broken down into simpler substances by microorganisms, releasing nutrients back into the environment for reuse by plants and other organisms.

Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment, including the flow of energy and nutrients through ecosystems.

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit from the interaction. For example, certain plants and fungi form mycorrhizal associations, where the fungus helps the plant absorb nutrients from the soil, while the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates.

Evolution is the process by which organisms adapt to their environment over time through natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation.

Sea otters are considered a keystone species because they play a crucial role in maintaining the health of kelp forests by preying on sea urchins, which helps prevent overgrazing of kelp.

Anthropogenic change refers to the modification of the environment by human activities, including deforestation, pollution, climate change, and urbanization.

Habitat loss, pollution, climate change, and invasive species are all major threats to biodiversity in the biosphere.

Succession is the process by which ecosystems recover from disturbances, such as fires, floods, or human activities, through the establishment of new plant and animal communities.

Solar energy is a renewable resource because it is constantly replenished by the sun.

Carbon sequestration is the process by which carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and stored in plants and soil, helping to mitigate climate change.

Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are non-renewable resources because they are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years and cannot be replenished quickly.

Biogeography is the study of the distribution and abundance of organisms in relation to their environment, including factors such as climate, soil, and vegetation.