Structuralism views literature as a system of signs and symbols that can be analyzed and interpreted to reveal underlying structures and meanings.

Ferdinand de Saussure is considered the father of structuralism for his work on the structure of language and signs.

Syntagmatic structure refers to the linear arrangement of elements in a literary work, such as words, sentences, and paragraphs.

Paradigmatic structure refers to the relationship between elements in a literary work that are similar or can be substituted for each other.

Claude Levi-Strauss is known for his work on the concept of binary oppositions, which he used to analyze cultural and social structures.

Structural analysis involves breaking down a literary work into its component parts, such as characters, plot, setting, and theme, to examine their relationships and meanings.

Roland Barthes is known for his work on the concept of the 'death of the author', which argues that the author's intention is irrelevant to the interpretation of a literary work.

The signified relationship refers to the relationship between a signifier (a word or symbol) and the concept or idea that it represents (the signified).

Julia Kristeva is known for her work on the concept of 'intertextuality', which explores the relationship between a text and other texts that it references or alludes to.

Formal analysis involves interpreting a literary work based on its structure, form, and language, rather than its content or themes.

Claude Levi-Strauss is known for his work on the concept of 'myth', which he analyzed as a system of symbols and structures that reveal underlying cultural meanings.

Structural analysis involves identifying and interpreting the underlying structures and patterns in a literary work, such as its narrative structure, thematic structure, and discourse structure.

Laura Mulvey is known for her work on the concept of 'the gaze', which explores the relationship between the viewer and the viewed in visual representations.

Structural analysis involves breaking down a literary work into its component parts, such as characters, plot, setting, and theme, and examining their relationships to each other.

Michel Foucault is known for his work on the concept of 'discourse', which he analyzed as a system of knowledge and power that shapes our understanding of the world.