Genetic engineering is the process of transferring genes from one organism to another, resulting in a genetically modified organism (GMO).

Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA from different sources to create a new DNA molecule.

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that recognize and cut DNA at specific sequences, known as restriction sites.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify a specific region of DNA by repeatedly copying it.

Transduction is the process by which genetic material is transferred from a virus to a host cell.

Transfection is the process of introducing foreign DNA into a cell using a plasmid, which is a small circular DNA molecule.

Conjugation is the process of transferring genetic material between two bacterial cells through direct cell-to-cell contact.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size by applying an electric current to a gel containing the DNA.

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

Gene cloning is the process of producing multiple copies of a gene or DNA fragment by inserting it into a host organism or a cloning vector.

Transposition is the process of moving a gene from one chromosome to another.

Microarray analysis is a technique used to study the expression of genes by measuring the levels of mRNA transcripts.

Materials science is the study of the structure and properties of materials, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites.

Composites are materials made from two or more different materials, and they often exhibit high strength and toughness.