The fundamental goal of a party coalition is to secure a majority of seats in the legislature, thereby enabling them to form a government and implement their policies.

Proportional representation systems, which allocate seats based on the proportion of votes received by each party, encourage the formation of coalitions as they allow smaller parties to gain representation and influence in the legislature.

A coalition government is characterized by a majority in the legislature, is formed by multiple parties, and tends to be more stable than a minority government, which lacks a majority and is formed by a single party.

Party coalitions can be classified into various types, including grand coalitions (involving major parties), minimum winning coalitions (formed to secure a majority), ideological coalitions (based on shared ideologies), and electoral coalitions (formed for specific elections).

Party coalitions offer several advantages, including increased stability and longevity of government, broader representation of interests and policies, and enhanced ability to implement complex reforms.

Party coalitions face various challenges, such as difficulty in reconciling different ideologies and interests, potential for internal conflicts and power struggles, and increased complexity in decision-making and policy formulation.

Germany has a long-standing tradition of stable coalition governments, with various political parties forming alliances to secure a majority in the Bundestag (parliament).

A grand coalition is a type of party coalition in which two or more major parties, despite significant ideological differences, come together to form a government, often in times of crisis or national emergency.

Proportional representation electoral systems, which allocate seats based on the proportion of votes received by each party, tend to encourage the formation of multi-party coalitions as they allow smaller parties to gain representation in the legislature.

A minimum winning coalition is a type of party coalition in which a larger party forms an alliance with one or more smaller parties to secure a majority in the legislature, often based on specific policy agreements.

Italy has a history of frequent changes in coalition governments due to its fragmented party system and the difficulty in forming stable alliances among the numerous political parties.

An ideological coalition is a type of party coalition in which parties with similar ideologies and policy positions come together to form a government, often sharing a common vision for the country's future.

South Africa is known for its diverse coalition governments, which have included parties from across the political spectrum, reflecting the country's complex social and political landscape.

A rainbow coalition is a type of party coalition in which parties representing different ethnic, racial, or regional groups come together to form a government, often with the aim of promoting inclusivity and diversity.

Germany has a history of stable coalition governments, often involving a dominant party, such as the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), and one or more smaller parties, such as the Free Democratic Party (FDP) or the Green Party.