Industrial activities often release harmful chemicals and pollutants into water bodies, leading to contamination.

Water treatment plants employ various processes to remove contaminants, making water safe for drinking and other purposes.

Dissolved oxygen is a crucial parameter indicating the health of aquatic ecosystems and the ability of water to support aquatic life.

Desalination involves removing salt and other minerals from seawater to produce fresh water.

The presence of coliform bacteria, such as E. coli, is often used as an indicator of fecal contamination and potential health risks.

Agricultural runoff, containing fertilizers and pesticides, can lead to excessive nutrient enrichment and subsequent eutrophication.

Filtration is a physical process that removes suspended particles and impurities by passing water through various filter media.

Bioremediation involves using microorganisms or plants to break down and remove contaminants from the environment.

Chlorination is widely used to disinfect water by adding chlorine or chlorine-based compounds to kill harmful microorganisms.

Coagulation and flocculation involve adding chemicals to water to cause suspended solids to clump together and form larger particles that can be easily removed.

pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in water, indicating its acidity or alkalinity.

Reverse osmosis involves applying pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane, leaving dissolved solids behind.

Stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces in urban areas can carry pollutants like heavy metals, oil, and sediment into water bodies.

Biological treatment involves using microorganisms to break down and remove organic matter from water.

Turbidity is a measure of the amount of suspended solids in water, affecting its clarity and light penetration.