To improve teaching practices

To develop new educational theories

To evaluate the effectiveness of educational programs

To inform educational policy

Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods

Experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental

Descriptive, correlational, and causal-comparative

Basic, applied, and developmental

To collect numerical data to describe and analyze educational phenomena

To explore and understand educational phenomena in depth

To test hypotheses and make causal inferences

To develop new educational theories

To collect numerical data to describe and analyze educational phenomena

To explore and understand educational phenomena in depth

To test hypotheses and make causal inferences

To develop new educational theories

To collect numerical data to describe and analyze educational phenomena

To explore and understand educational phenomena in depth

To test hypotheses and make causal inferences

To combine the strengths of quantitative and qualitative research

To guide the research process

To explain educational phenomena

To generate hypotheses

All of the above

Basic research is conducted to generate new knowledge, while applied research is conducted to solve practical problems.

Basic research is conducted to test hypotheses, while applied research is conducted to explore new ideas.

Basic research is conducted by university researchers, while applied research is conducted by government and industry researchers.

Basic research is funded by government grants, while applied research is funded by private companies.

Lack of funding

Lack of access to data

Lack of collaboration between researchers and practitioners

All of the above

To inform educational policy

To develop new teaching methods

To evaluate the effectiveness of educational programs

All of the above

To change the way that education is delivered

To improve the quality of education

To make education more accessible and equitable

All of the above

Resistance to change

Lack of funding

Lack of political will

All of the above

By involving stakeholders in the reform process

By providing adequate funding and resources

By building public support for reform

All of the above

Educational research informs educational reform

Educational reform informs educational research

Educational research and educational reform are independent of each other

None of the above

To identify problems in the education system

To develop and evaluate new educational programs and policies

To track the progress of educational reform efforts

All of the above

To provide input into the reform process

To support the implementation of reform efforts

To hold policymakers accountable for the success of reform efforts

All of the above