Signifier and signified are key concepts in structuralism, which focuses on the relationship between the signifier (the form) and the signified (the meaning).

Ferdinand de Saussure is considered the father of structuralism, having developed the theory of semiology, which studies the relationship between signs and their meanings.

Marxist art criticism focuses on the relationship between art and ideology, examining how art reflects and shapes social and political ideas.

Louis Althusser argued that art is a form of ideology, functioning as a means of social control and reproduction.

The concept of 'base and superstructure' in Marxism refers to the economic foundation (base) and the cultural and ideological superstructure (superstructure), which are mutually influential.

Claude Levi-Strauss argued that myths are structured like language, using binary oppositions and transformations to create meaning.

The concept of 'interpellation' in Marxist theory refers to the process by which individuals are interpellated into the social order through ideological practices and discourses.

Walter Benjamin argued that art can be a form of resistance against capitalism, as it can provide a critical perspective on the social order and offer alternative visions of society.

The concept of 'hegemony' in Marxist theory refers to the dominance of one social class over others, maintained through ideological and cultural processes.

Roland Barthes argued that literary texts are structured by binary oppositions, such as good/evil, male/female, and nature/culture.

The concept of 'false consciousness' in Marxist theory refers to the mistaken belief of the working class in the legitimacy of capitalism, which prevents them from recognizing their true class interests.

Georg Lukacs argued that art can be a form of alienation, as it can separate individuals from their true selves and from the social world.

The concept of 'reification' in Marxist theory refers to the transformation of social relations into things, which obscures the true nature of these relations.

Claude Levi-Strauss argued that literary texts are structured by deep structures, which are universal patterns of human thought.