Genetic engineering, also known as genetic modification, is a technique that involves the direct manipulation of an organism's genome to introduce or modify genes, resulting in the expression of new traits or the enhancement of existing ones.

Crop improvement aims to enhance various aspects of crops, including increasing yield, improving nutritional value, and enhancing resistance to pests and diseases, ultimately leading to more productive and sustainable agricultural practices.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a molecular technique that enables the amplification of a specific region of DNA, allowing researchers to isolate and study genes of interest.

Agricultural biotechnology encompasses a wide range of techniques and applications, including the development of genetically modified crops, the improvement of pest management strategies, and the enhancement of soil fertility, all aimed at increasing agricultural productivity and sustainability.

Transgenesis involves the transfer of a gene from one organism to the genome of another organism, resulting in the expression of the transferred gene in the recipient organism.

Restriction enzymes are molecular tools used in genetic engineering to cut DNA at specific sequences, enabling the isolation and manipulation of DNA fragments.

DNA sequencing is a molecular technique that determines the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule, providing valuable information about the genetic makeup of an organism.

Marker-assisted selection is a technique used in crop improvement to identify genes associated with desirable traits, allowing breeders to select plants with the desired genetic makeup.

Cisgenesis involves the transfer of a gene from a closely related species into the genome of another organism, ensuring that the transferred gene is similar to genes already present in the recipient organism.

DNA ligase is a molecular tool used in genetic engineering to join DNA fragments together, enabling the construction of recombinant DNA molecules.

DNA microarray analysis is a molecular technique that allows for the simultaneous analysis of the expression levels of thousands of genes, providing insights into gene regulation and cellular processes.

Genetic engineering is used to develop herbicide-resistant crops by introducing genes that confer resistance to specific herbicides, allowing farmers to use herbicides to control weeds without harming the crops.

Gene editing involves the alteration of an existing gene within an organism's genome using molecular tools, allowing for precise changes to the genetic code.

DNA polymerase is a molecular tool used in genetic engineering to amplify DNA fragments, creating multiple copies of a specific region of DNA.

Gel electrophoresis is a molecular technique that allows for the separation and analysis of DNA fragments based on their size, enabling researchers to visualize and study specific DNA molecules.