The logistic model is a widely used mathematical model that describes the growth of a population over time, taking into account both exponential growth and carrying capacity.

$R_0$ represents the basic reproduction number in epidemiology, which is the average number of secondary infections caused by a single infected individual in a completely susceptible population.

Graph theory is a mathematical technique used to analyze the structure and dynamics of biological networks, such as metabolic networks, protein-protein interaction networks, and gene regulatory networks.

The Michaelis-Menten equation is given by $v = k_m[S] / (K_m + [S])$, where $v$ is the reaction rate, $k_m$ is the maximum reaction rate, $[S]$ is the substrate concentration, and $K_m$ is the Michaelis constant.

The SIR model is a mathematical model used to describe the spread of an infectious disease through a population, where individuals are classified into three compartments: susceptible, infected, and recovered.

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a mathematical expression that describes the genetic variation in a population under certain assumptions, given by $p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$, where $p$ is the frequency of the dominant allele, $q$ is the frequency of the recessive allele, and $p^2$, $2pq$, and $q^2$ represent the frequencies of the homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive genotypes, respectively.

Systems biology is a mathematical technique used to analyze the dynamics of biological systems using differential equations, incorporating various components and interactions within the system.

The Needleman-Wunsch algorithm is a dynamic programming algorithm used in bioinformatics to align two or more biological sequences, such as DNA or protein sequences, to find the optimal alignment with the highest score.

The Lotka-Volterra model is a mathematical model used to describe the dynamics of predator-prey interactions in ecology, where the populations of the predator and prey species are represented by differential equations.

The carrying capacity of an environment, denoted by $K$, represents the maximum population size that can be sustained by the environment's resources, and it is often considered to be the equilibrium population size ($N_{eq}$).

The adjacency matrix is a mathematical technique used to analyze the structure and function of biological networks using matrix representations, where the elements of the matrix represent the connections between nodes in the network.

Motif discovery is a bioinformatics algorithm used to identify conserved regions, patterns, or motifs in multiple biological sequences, such as DNA or protein sequences.

Gene regulatory networks are mathematical models used to describe the dynamics of gene expression and regulation in molecular biology, representing the interactions and relationships between genes and their regulatory elements.

The allele frequency, denoted by $p$, represents the frequency of a specific allele in a population, calculated as $p = f(A)$, where $f(A)$ is the frequency of the dominant allele.

Markov chains are a mathematical technique used to analyze the dynamics of biological systems using stochastic processes, where the system's state transitions are governed by probabilities.