Vehicle emissions, particularly from diesel engines, are a major contributor to air pollution in urban areas due to the release of harmful pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide.

Particulate matter, especially fine particles (PM2.5), can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause inflammation and irritation, leading to respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and even lung cancer.

Air pollution has a negative impact on the quality of life in cities by increasing healthcare costs due to respiratory illnesses, reducing productivity due to absenteeism and presenteeism, and decreasing property values due to the undesirable living conditions.

While increasing the number of trees in urban areas can provide various environmental benefits, it is not directly related to improving air quality. The other options, such as promoting public transportation, encouraging walking and cycling, and imposing stricter emission standards for vehicles, are effective strategies for reducing air pollution.

Smog is a term used to describe the accumulation of air pollutants, particularly in urban areas, due to unfavorable meteorological conditions that prevent their dispersion. It is often characterized by a hazy appearance and can cause significant health problems.

Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogen dioxide, are key contributors to the formation of smog. In the presence of sunlight, nitrogen oxides react with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to produce ozone and other secondary pollutants, leading to the formation of smog.

Air scrubbing is a process that involves removing pollutants from the air by passing it through a device that captures or neutralizes the contaminants. This process is commonly used in industrial settings to control air emissions.

Long-term exposure to air pollution has been linked to various adverse health effects, including increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and cancer. Improved lung function is not a known health benefit associated with air pollution exposure.

The photovoltaic effect is the process by which certain materials generate an electrical current when exposed to light. This effect is utilized in solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity, a renewable and sustainable source of energy.

Renewable energy sources like solar and wind power offer several benefits, including reduced air pollution, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and increased energy independence. They do not contribute to the depletion of fossil fuels and promote a sustainable energy future.

Energy efficiency refers to the practice of using energy-efficient technologies and practices to reduce energy consumption without compromising the level of service or comfort. It involves using less energy to perform the same task or achieving the same output with less energy input.

Promoting energy efficiency in buildings involves adopting strategies that reduce energy consumption. Using energy-efficient appliances, improving insulation and air sealing, and installing solar panels are all effective measures. Increasing the use of incandescent light bulbs, which are less energy-efficient compared to alternatives like LEDs, is not a strategy for energy efficiency.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a process that involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial processes or the atmosphere and storing it underground to prevent its release into the atmosphere. It is a key technology for mitigating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is crucial for mitigating climate change and its associated impacts. It also leads to improved air quality, reduces the risk of extreme weather events, and promotes sustainable energy practices. Increasing the use of fossil fuels, which emit greenhouse gases, is not a benefit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Sustainable development is a concept that aims to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves balancing economic growth, social progress, and environmental protection to ensure a sustainable future.