Cornelius van Niel, based on his studies of purple and green bacteria, demonstrated that photosynthesis is essentially a light-dependent reaction in which hydrogen from a suitable oxidisable compound reduces carbon dioxide.

Chlorophyll b is yellow green.

Chlorophyll-b, Xanthophylls and Carotenoids are called as accessory pigments. They protect Chlorophyll-a from photo-oxidation.

Water splitting complex is associated with the PS II, which itself is physically located on the inner side of the membrane of the thylakoid.

Forty-six percent of grasses are C4 and together account for 61% of C4 species. These include the food crops maize, sugar cane, millet, and sorghum.

The acceptor molecule of CO₂ is a 5-carbon ketose sugar – Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) which gets converted to two molecules of 3-phosphoglyceric acid in presence of RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase.

Treatment with sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) detaches peripheral membrane proteins.

The bundle sheath cells have no intercellular spaces.

Anoxygenic photosynthesis is the phototrophic process where light energy is captured and converted to ATP, without the production of oxygen. Water is therefore not used as an electron donor. Green sulfur bacteria, green and red filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs (FAPs), phototrophic purple bacteria, phototrophic Acidobacteria, and phototrophic heliobacteria perform Anoxygenic photosynthesis.

C3 responds to increased CO₂ concentration and saturation is seen only beyond 450 μlL^-1.

Xerophytes, such as cacti and most succulents, also use PEP carboxylase to capture carbon dioxide in a process called Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM).

β-Cryptoxanthin has been isolated from a variety of sources including the petals and flowers of plants in the genus Physalis, orange rind, papaya, egg yolk, butter, apples, and bovine blood serum. It contains a beta-ionone ring, and thus β-cryptoxanthin is the only xanthophyll that is known to possess pro-vitamin A activity for mammals.

Redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed.

In higher plants thylakoids are organized into a granum-stroma membrane assembly, which leaves less space between thylakoids.

Plastocyanin is a soluble protein.

In the bundle sheath cells these C4 acids are broken down  to release CO₂ and a 3-carbon molecule.

Enzyme that catalyses decarboxylation in bundle-sheath cells differs. In maize and sugarcane, the enzyme is NADP-malic enzyme.