Coastal development, including construction and urbanization, often leads to increased runoff and discharge of pollutants into the ocean.

Plastic bags are among the most common plastic items found in the ocean, posing a significant threat to marine life.

Mining and smelting activities release heavy metals into the environment, which can eventually reach the ocean through runoff and wastewater discharge.

Offshore drilling and oil transportation are major sources of oil pollution in the ocean.

Excessive use of fertilizers in agriculture can lead to nutrient runoff, causing algal blooms and eutrophication in coastal waters.

Untreated sewage discharge from coastal communities and ships is a major source of sewage pollution in the ocean.

Fishing lines and hooks can entangle and harm marine animals, leading to injury or death.

The breakdown of larger plastic items into smaller fragments is a major source of microplastic pollution in the ocean.

Nuclear power plants and nuclear waste disposal facilities can release radioactive pollutants into the ocean.

Shipping and boat traffic are major sources of noise pollution in the ocean, affecting marine life communication and behavior.

Biological pollution occurs when non-native species are introduced into marine ecosystems, potentially disrupting ecological balance.

Industrial wastewater discharge, particularly from power plants and factories, can raise water temperatures, leading to thermal pollution.

Pesticide and herbicide use in agriculture and forestry can lead to the release of POPs into the environment, which can eventually reach the ocean.

Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities, primarily fossil fuel combustion, are the main cause of ocean acidification.

The MARPOL Convention (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) is designed to minimize pollution from ships and protect the marine environment.