Habitat loss and fragmentation are the primary causes of human-wildlife conflict as they reduce the availability of resources for wildlife, forcing them to come into contact with humans more frequently.

Education is not a type of retaliation against wildlife. It is a strategy for reducing conflict by increasing awareness and understanding of wildlife conservation.

Habitat restoration is the most effective strategy for reducing human-wildlife conflict as it addresses the root cause of the problem by providing wildlife with sufficient resources in their natural habitats.

Improved human-wildlife coexistence is not a consequence of human-wildlife conflict. It is a goal that can be achieved through effective conflict mitigation strategies.

Retaliatory killing is the term used to describe the killing of wildlife in retaliation for perceived or actual damage caused by the animal.

Cultural beliefs are not a factor that contributes to retaliatory killing. Retaliatory killing is primarily driven by economic losses and fear of predators.

Retaliatory killing can lead to increased human-wildlife conflict, loss of biodiversity, and economic losses.

Hunting and trapping are not effective strategies for reducing retaliatory killing as they can lead to further conflict and depletion of wildlife populations.

Persecution is the term used to describe the intentional killing or harming of wildlife for non-consumptive purposes.

Economic losses are not a factor that contributes to wildlife persecution. Persecution is primarily driven by cultural beliefs and competition for resources.

Wildlife persecution can lead to loss of biodiversity, increased human-wildlife conflict, and economic losses.

Hunting and trapping are not effective strategies for reducing wildlife persecution as they can lead to further conflict and depletion of wildlife populations.

Defensive killing is the term used to describe the killing or harming of wildlife in self-defense or to protect property.

Cultural beliefs are not a factor that contributes to defensive killing. Defensive killing is primarily driven by fear of predators and the need to protect livestock and crops.

Defensive killing can lead to loss of biodiversity, increased human-wildlife conflict, and economic losses.