Services that regulate the flow of water and nutrients in the forest.

Services that provide food and shelter for forest animals.

Services that support the growth and regeneration of forest vegetation.

Services that regulate the climate and air quality in the forest.

Reduced air pollution

Increased water quality

Enhanced biodiversity

Increased timber production

By reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

By increasing the resilience of forests to climate change.

By providing a source of renewable energy.

By promoting the growth of non-native tree species.

Lack of scientific understanding of regulating services.

Limited financial resources for implementing management strategies.

Resistance from stakeholders to changes in forest management practices.

All of the above.

To ensure that forests are managed in a way that maximizes timber production.

To provide financial incentives for forest owners to adopt sustainable management practices.

To raise awareness among consumers about the importance of sustainable forestry.

To regulate the trade of forest products derived from unsustainable forestry practices.

By increasing the diversity of tree species in the forest.

By reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

By improving soil fertility and water retention.

All of the above.

Provision of timber for construction.

Regulation of the water cycle.

Pollination of crops by forest insects.

Provision of habitat for wildlife.

By reducing deforestation and forest degradation.

By increasing the use of fossil fuels in forest operations.

By promoting the conversion of forests to agricultural land.

By increasing the harvest of mature trees.

Biodiversity has no impact on regulating services.

Biodiversity reduces the resilience of forests to disturbances.

Biodiversity enhances the capacity of forests to regulate ecosystem processes.

Biodiversity promotes the spread of invasive species in forests.

Increased frequency and intensity of droughts.

Shifts in the distribution of tree species.

Enhanced carbon sequestration by forests.

Increased risk of forest fires.

By increasing the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

By promoting the conversion of forests to agricultural land.

By planting fast-growing tree species.

By implementing adaptive management strategies.

To discourage forest owners from adopting sustainable management practices.

To provide financial support for forest owners to implement sustainable management practices.

To increase the demand for forest products derived from unsustainable forestry practices.

To reduce the cost of forest management operations.

By excluding local communities from forest management decisions.

By providing local communities with clear property rights over forest resources.

By promoting the use of top-down approaches to forest management.

By ignoring the traditional knowledge and practices of local communities.

Monitoring and evaluation are not necessary for assessing the effectiveness of forest management practices.

Monitoring and evaluation can provide information on the impacts of forest management practices on regulating services.

Monitoring and evaluation can be used to justify the need for increased deforestation.

Monitoring and evaluation can be used to promote the use of unsustainable forestry practices.

By ignoring the findings of research and continuing with current forest management practices.

By disseminating research findings to forest managers and policymakers.

By promoting the use of unsustainable forestry practices.

By reducing funding for research on regulating services.