Temperature differences between different regions of the Earth's surface create pressure differences, which in turn drive atmospheric circulation.

Ocean currents transport heat around the globe, influencing climate patterns by redistributing heat from the tropics to higher latitudes.

Climate refers to the long-term average of weather conditions, including temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns, over a period of several decades.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the primary greenhouse gas contributing to the enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming due to its high concentration and ability to absorb and trap heat.

Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water droplets or ice crystals, forming clouds and eventually leading to precipitation.

A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that extends from the base of a thunderstorm cloud to the ground, often causing significant damage.

Conduction is the process by which heat is transferred from one substance to another through direct contact, such as when a hot object is placed in contact with a cooler object.

Cirrus clouds are thin, wispy clouds that are typically associated with fair weather and are composed of ice crystals.

Convection is the process by which heat is transferred from one place to another by the movement of a fluid, such as when hot air rises and cooler air sinks.

Sleet is a type of precipitation that occurs when water droplets in clouds freeze into small ice pellets before reaching the ground.

Radiation is the process by which heat is transferred from one substance to another through electromagnetic waves, such as infrared radiation.

Snow is a type of precipitation that occurs when water droplets in clouds freeze into small, round ice particles.

Advection is the process by which heat is transferred from one place to another by the movement of air, such as when warm air moves from a warmer region to a cooler region.

Hail is a type of precipitation that occurs when large, irregular pieces of ice fall from the sky, typically associated with thunderstorms.

Sublimation is the process by which water vapor in the atmosphere changes directly into ice crystals without first becoming liquid water, often occurring in cold, dry conditions.