Johannes Gutenberg is credited with inventing the printing press in the 15th century, revolutionizing the way books and documents were produced.

Alhazen, a renowned medieval scientist, is credited with inventing the astrolabe, a device used for measuring the altitude of celestial bodies.

Galen, a Greek physician and philosopher, is often regarded as the father of modern medicine due to his extensive contributions to anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology.

Gerbert of Aurillac, a French scholar and pope, is credited with developing the mechanical clock in the 10th century.

Shen Kuo, a Chinese polymath, is believed to have invented the compass in the 11th century.

Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invented the first mechanical calculator, known as the Pascaline, in the 17th century.

Leonardo da Vinci, the renowned Italian polymath, is believed to have invented the spinning wheel in the 15th century.

Hero of Alexandria, a Greek engineer and mathematician, is credited with developing the first water turbine in the 1st century AD.

Salvino D'Armate, an Italian glassmaker, is believed to have invented eyeglasses in the 13th century.

Giovanni de Dondi, an Italian astronomer and clockmaker, invented the first mechanical clock with an escapement mechanism in the 14th century.

Johannes Gutenberg, a German goldsmith and printer, is credited with inventing the printing press with movable type in the 15th century.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, a German mathematician and philosopher, invented the first mechanical calculator capable of performing all four basic arithmetic operations in the 17th century.

Edmund Cartwright, an English clergyman and inventor, invented the first mechanical loom in the 18th century.

Thomas Savery, an English engineer and inventor, developed the first steam engine in the 17th century.

Cornelius Drebbel, a Dutch inventor and engineer, is credited with inventing the first submarine in the 17th century.