The presumption of innocence is a fundamental legal principle that ensures individuals are not punished for crimes they have not been proven to have committed.

Common Law, developed in England, aimed to provide equal justice for all, regardless of social rank.

Judges and magistrates were responsible for interpreting and enforcing laws in medieval societies.

Medieval legal codes aimed to create a consistent and predictable legal framework for resolving disputes and maintaining order.

Constitutional Monarchies, such as those in England and France, placed limits on the power of the monarch and recognized certain rights for citizens.

The Church played a significant role in administering justice in medieval societies, often resolving disputes and enforcing religious laws.

Feudalism was a decentralized political system where power was distributed among local lords and vassals, who held land in exchange for military service.

Guilds were associations of merchants, artisans, and craftsmen that regulated trade and commerce in medieval towns and cities.

The right to appeal allowed individuals to challenge a lower court's decision by bringing their case to a higher court for review.

The monarchy in medieval societies often held the responsibility of leading the military and defending the realm.

Absolutism is a political system where the monarch holds absolute power and authority, often without any constitutional or legal limitations.

Manorial courts were responsible for resolving disputes within a manor, enforcing feudal obligations, and administering justice for serfs.

Habeas Corpus is a legal principle that allows individuals to challenge their unlawful imprisonment and seek release from custody.

The nobility in medieval societies often held positions of power and authority, governing and administering justice within their respective domains.

Theocracy is a political system where religious leaders hold political power and authority, often claiming divine or spiritual legitimacy.