The miasma theory was a common explanation for the spread of disease in the Middle Ages. It was believed that bad air, caused by rotting organic matter or other sources, could carry disease.

Bloodletting, leeching, and trepanation were all common treatments for the plague in the Middle Ages, despite their lack of effectiveness.

Demons were often blamed for mental illness in the Middle Ages. This belief led to the practice of exorcism, in which a priest would attempt to drive the demons out of the person.

Prayer, exorcism, and beatings were all common treatments for mental illness in the Middle Ages.

Curses, imbalances of the four humors, and physical illnesses were all believed to be causes of infertility in the Middle Ages.

Prayer, herbal remedies, and amulets were all common treatments for infertility in the Middle Ages.

The belief that toothaches were caused by a worm in the tooth was common in the Middle Ages. This belief led to the practice of drilling a hole in the tooth to kill the worm.

Drilling a hole in the tooth, pulling the tooth, and applying a poultice were all common treatments for toothaches in the Middle Ages.

An imbalance of the four humors, a demon, and a curse were all believed to be causes of headaches in the Middle Ages.

Bloodletting, leeching, and trepanation were all common treatments for headaches in the Middle Ages.

An imbalance of the four humors, a demon, and a curse were all believed to be causes of cancer in the Middle Ages.

Surgery, herbal remedies, and amulets were all common treatments for cancer in the Middle Ages.

Leprosy was often seen as a punishment from God in the Middle Ages. This belief led to the social isolation of lepers.

Isolation, herbal remedies, and amulets were all common treatments for leprosy in the Middle Ages.

An imbalance of the four humors was believed to be the cause of the common cold in the Middle Ages.

Bed rest, herbal remedies, and amulets were all common treatments for the common cold in the Middle Ages.