Offshore oil drilling involves extracting oil and gas from beneath the seabed, and accidental spills or leaks during these operations can release significant amounts of oil into the marine environment.

Equipment malfunctions, such as faulty valves or pipelines, or human errors during loading, unloading, or maintenance operations, can lead to accidental oil spills from ships.

Oil spills can have a devastating impact on marine ecosystems by contaminating habitats, disrupting food chains, causing direct mortality of marine life, and affecting the overall biodiversity and ecological balance.

Biodegradation is the process by which naturally occurring microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, break down and utilize oil compounds as a food source, leading to the gradual removal of oil from the environment.

Natural attenuation is not a method used to actively clean up oil spills, but rather refers to the natural processes of biodegradation and weathering that gradually break down and disperse oil over time.

Chemical dispersants are used to break down oil into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for microbial degradation and reducing the thickness of the oil slick, which can help to mitigate the environmental impact.

The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) is the primary international agreement that aims to prevent and reduce oil pollution from ships, including accidental spills and operational discharges.

Bilge dumping refers to the intentional discharge of oily bilge water, which collects in the lowest part of a ship's hull, into the sea, a practice that is prohibited under international regulations.

Heavy crude oil, due to its high viscosity and density, is more difficult to disperse and clean up compared to lighter oils, making it particularly challenging to mitigate the environmental impact of heavy crude oil spills.

Industrial wastewater discharge, particularly from industries that use or process oil and petroleum products, is a major source of oil pollution from land-based activities, contributing to the contamination of waterways and coastal environments.

Oil pollution is associated with various adverse health effects, including respiratory problems, skin irritation, and increased risk of certain cancers, but it does not have a known beneficial impact on cardiovascular health.

Skimming involves using floating booms or skimmers to collect and remove oil from the surface of water, preventing it from spreading and contaminating larger areas.

Government regulations, while important for preventing and mitigating oil spills, do not directly influence the severity of a spill once it has occurred. Factors such as the type of oil, weather conditions, and location of the spill play a more significant role in determining the environmental impact.

In-situ burning involves igniting and burning oil spills on the water's surface under controlled conditions, aiming to reduce the amount of oil that reaches shorelines and sensitive habitats.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the primary international body responsible for developing and implementing regulations to prevent and respond to oil spills from ships, including the MARPOL convention.