Self-pollination occurs when pollen from the stamen of a flower is transferred to the stigma of the same flower.

Genetic engineering involves the deliberate modification of an organism's genome using laboratory techniques.

Genotype refers to the genetic constitution of an organism, consisting of the specific alleles present at each gene locus.

Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction between its genotype and the environment.

Allele refers to a specific variant of a gene that occupies a particular locus on a chromosome.

Locus refers to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

Cloning involves creating genetically identical copies of an organism by asexual reproduction.

Conjugation refers to the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact.

Transduction involves the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by a virus.

Gene editing involves the precise modification of an organism's DNA sequence using molecular techniques.

Transgenesis involves the introduction of foreign genes into an organism's genome.

Recombinant DNA technology involves the manipulation and recombination of DNA sequences from different sources.

Population genetics studies the genetic diversity within a population and the factors that influence it.

Quantitative genetics studies the genetic basis of quantitative traits, which are traits that vary continuously in a population.

Evolutionary genetics studies the genetic basis of evolutionary change and the role of genetic variation in adaptation.