Pollination is considered a regulating service, as it directly affects the reproductive success of plants and contributes to biodiversity.

Supporting services provide essential resources such as water, soil, and nutrients, which are crucial for livelihoods. They also help reduce vulnerability to environmental shocks by regulating climate and preventing soil erosion. Additionally, they enhance agricultural productivity by supporting nutrient cycling and pollination.

Nutrient cycling ensures the availability of essential nutrients for plant growth and supports the functioning of ecosystems. It is crucial for maintaining biodiversity by providing the necessary resources for a wide range of species.

Soil formation is essential for sustainable development as it provides the basis for agriculture, regulates water flow and prevents erosion, and supports biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Healthy soils are crucial for food security, water management, and the overall resilience of ecosystems.

Water cycling plays a crucial role in the provision of clean drinking water by purifying water through various processes such as evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. It ensures the availability of freshwater resources for human consumption and various other uses.

Supporting services contribute to climate change mitigation by regulating greenhouse gas concentrations through carbon sequestration and oxygen production. They also help reduce the impacts of extreme weather events by regulating water flow and preventing soil erosion. Additionally, they promote sustainable land management practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance the resilience of ecosystems to climate change.

Soil formation is essential for the production of food and fiber as it provides the physical structure and nutrients necessary for plant growth. Healthy soils support the cultivation of crops and the growth of natural vegetation, which are the foundation of food and fiber production.

Supporting services contribute to the achievement of the SDGs by providing the foundation for food security and nutrition, supporting access to clean water and sanitation, and promoting sustainable energy and economic growth. They are essential for creating a sustainable and resilient world where human well-being and environmental health are interconnected.

Soil formation provides the raw materials for construction, such as clay, sand, and gravel. These materials are essential for building homes, roads, and other infrastructure, contributing to the provision of shelter and the development of sustainable communities.

Supporting services contribute to the resilience of ecosystems by regulating water flow and preventing erosion, maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and supporting the provision of other ecosystem services. Resilient ecosystems are better able to withstand disturbances and adapt to changing environmental conditions, ensuring the long-term sustainability of ecosystem services.

Water cycling is essential for the functioning of aquatic ecosystems as it provides the water necessary for the survival of aquatic organisms and supports the various ecological processes that occur in water bodies.

Supporting services contribute to the conservation of biodiversity by providing habitats for a wide range of species, supporting the reproduction and dispersal of species, and maintaining ecosystem structure and functioning. These services ensure the survival and resilience of diverse plant and animal species, contributing to the overall health and stability of ecosystems.

Biodiversity provides the basis for the development of medicines and other natural products as it encompasses the vast array of plant and animal species that contain unique chemical compounds with potential therapeutic or industrial applications.

Supporting services contribute to the well-being of human communities by providing essential resources for livelihoods, reducing vulnerability to environmental hazards, and enhancing cultural and recreational opportunities. These services are fundamental for human survival, prosperity, and quality of life.

Climate regulation plays a crucial role in air quality management by regulating the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the Earth's surface. It helps maintain the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, contributing to clean air and a healthy environment.