Carbonic acid, formed by the reaction of carbon dioxide with water, is the primary source of alkalinity in natural waters.

Calcium carbonate, a common component of limestone and other rocks, dissolves in water and contributes to alkalinity.

Alkalinity acts as a buffer, resisting changes in pH by neutralizing acids and preventing large fluctuations in water acidity.

Alkalinity can be influenced by temperature, salinity, biological activity, and other factors that affect the chemical composition of water.

Low alkalinity can lead to increased corrosion, reduced buffering capacity, and adverse effects on aquatic life.

Adding lime or limestone, which contain calcium carbonate, is a common method for increasing alkalinity in water.

Alkalinity can affect the taste, odor, metal solubility, and effectiveness of water treatment processes.

The effect of alkalinity on metal solubility depends on the specific metal and its chemical properties.

High alkalinity can contribute to eutrophication, increase metal toxicity, and affect aquatic plant growth.

The WHO recommends an alkalinity range of 20-100 mg/L as CaCO₃ for drinking water.

Mining, paper and pulp, and textile industries are among those that can generate wastewater with high alkalinity.

High alkalinity in wastewater can lead to corrosion, impaired biological treatment, and scale formation.

Chemical precipitation, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis are among the methods used to reduce alkalinity in wastewater.

Alkalinity plays a crucial role in buffering pH, supporting aquatic plant growth, and influencing metal solubility and bioavailability.

Acid rain, biological decomposition, and weathering can all contribute to the natural decrease in alkalinity of water bodies.