Language convergence refers to the process by which languages become more similar to each other over time due to contact and interaction between speakers of different languages.

Increased communication and understanding is not a challenge associated with language and globalization, but rather an opportunity.

Language shift refers to the process of a language being adopted by a new group of speakers, often resulting in the decline or disappearance of the original language.

Ainu is an indigenous language spoken by the Ainu people of Japan and Russia. It has experienced a significant decline in speakers due to globalization and the assimilation of the Ainu people into the dominant Japanese and Russian cultures.

Language revitalization refers to the process of reviving a language that is濒临灭绝or has been lost, often involving efforts to promote its use and transmission to new generations of speakers.

Hawaiian, Maori, and Irish are all examples of languages that have been successfully revitalized through efforts to promote their use and transmission to new generations of speakers.

Language death refers to the process of a language becoming extinct, often due to factors such as assimilation, displacement, or lack of speakers.

Kaluli is an indigenous language spoken in Papua New Guinea. It is currently濒临灭绝, with only a few hundred speakers remaining.

Language contact refers to the process of two or more languages coming into contact with each other, often resulting in the exchange of words, phrases, and grammatical structures.

Japanese has been significantly influenced by Chinese due to language contact over many centuries. This influence can be seen in the vocabulary, grammar, and writing system of Japanese.

Language hegemony refers to the process of a language becoming the dominant language in a particular region or country, often through political, economic, or cultural factors.

English has achieved language hegemony in many parts of the world due to factors such as British colonialism, American economic and cultural dominance, and the spread of English as a lingua franca.

Lingua franca refers to a language that is used as a common language of communication between people from different linguistic backgrounds, often in situations where there is no shared native language.

English is commonly used as a lingua franca in many parts of the world due to factors such as British colonialism, American economic and cultural dominance, and the spread of English as a medium of instruction in education.

A pidgin language is a language that is created from the mixture of two or more languages, often in situations where there is no shared native language. Pidgin languages are typically used for basic communication and trade.