Chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for photosynthesis in marine plants, is the primary absorber of light in seawater, particularly in the blue and red regions of the spectrum.

Suspended particles, such as phytoplankton, zooplankton, and sediment particles, are the primary scatterers of light in seawater, causing the scattering of light in all directions.

Attenuation is the term used to describe the combined effect of absorption and scattering, which results in the decrease in light intensity with depth in seawater.

Blue light penetrates the deepest into seawater because it is less absorbed and scattered by water molecules and particles compared to other colors.

The color of seawater is influenced by a combination of factors, including chlorophyll concentration, suspended sediment concentration, and the depth of the water.

The angle of reflection is the angle at which light is reflected from a surface, measured from the normal to the surface.

The critical angle for light traveling from water to air is approximately 48.6 degrees. At this angle, light is totally reflected back into the water, a phenomenon known as total internal reflection.

The refractive index of a medium is inversely proportional to the speed of light in that medium. This relationship is expressed by the equation n = c/v, where n is the refractive index, c is the speed of light in vacuum, and v is the speed of light in the medium.

Underwater visibility is influenced by a combination of factors, including water clarity, depth of the water, and the angle of the sun.

Wind speed is not a direct factor affecting the optical properties of seawater. However, wind-driven waves and currents can indirectly influence the optical properties by stirring up suspended particles and affecting water clarity.

Refraction is the phenomenon where light is bent when it passes from one medium to another, such as from air to water or from water to glass.

Longer wavelengths of light, such as red and orange, penetrate deeper into seawater compared to shorter wavelengths, such as blue and violet, due to reduced absorption and scattering.

The blue color of the ocean is primarily caused by the scattering of blue light by water molecules and particles in the water. This scattering is known as Rayleigh scattering.

Reflectance is the term used to describe the ratio of the intensity of reflected light to the intensity of incident light. It is a measure of how much light is reflected from a surface.

In coastal areas, the optical properties of seawater are influenced by a combination of factors, including chlorophyll concentration, suspended sediment concentration, and the depth of the water.