The cog was a type of sailing ship commonly used in Northern Europe during the medieval period. It was characterized by its round hull, high bow and stern, and single mast.

The carrack was a type of sailing ship developed in the 15th century that was primarily used for exploration. It was larger and more stable than the cog and could carry more cargo and passengers.

The Vikings were known for their advanced shipbuilding techniques and naval power. They built sturdy and seaworthy ships that allowed them to explore and raid vast distances.

Sails were the primary means of propulsion for medieval ships. Oars were also used, particularly for smaller vessels or in calm conditions.

The compass was a revolutionary invention that allowed sailors to determine their direction and navigate more accurately, greatly enhancing exploration and trade.

Grain was the most important cargo transported by medieval ships, as it was essential for feeding the growing populations of Europe and other regions.

The Silk Road was a network of trade routes that connected Europe with Asia, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies.

Medieval lighthouses were primarily used to guide ships to safe harbors, particularly during nighttime or in poor visibility conditions.

Venice was a major center of trade and commerce during the medieval period, due to its strategic location and its role as a gateway between Europe and the East.

The primary function of medieval naval warfare was to protect trade routes and ensure the safe passage of merchant ships.

Greek fire was a devastating weapon used in medieval naval warfare. It was a highly flammable liquid that could be projected onto enemy ships, causing significant damage and casualties.

Medieval shipbuilding guilds were primarily responsible for regulating the construction of ships, ensuring that they met certain standards of quality and safety.

The lateen sail was a triangular sail that allowed ships to sail against the wind by tacking, a technique that involves zigzagging across the wind.

Wine was a major commodity transported by medieval riverboats, particularly in regions known for wine production.

Bristol was a major center of shipbuilding and maritime trade in medieval England, known for its construction of sturdy and seaworthy ships.