Climate change is expected to lead to increased air pollution in urban areas due to increased energy consumption and transportation emissions.

Compact, walkable communities reduce the need for car travel, which in turn reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Green infrastructure, such as parks and green roofs, can help to reduce the urban heat island effect and improve air quality. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, can help to reduce the city's reliance on fossil fuels.

Promoting economic growth is not a challenge to sustainable urban development in the context of climate change. In fact, sustainable urban development can help to promote economic growth by creating new jobs and businesses in the green economy.

The urban heat island effect is caused by a combination of factors, including the concentration of buildings and pavement, which absorb and retain heat, and the lack of vegetation, which helps to cool the air.

Sea level rise is not expected to lead to improved tourism opportunities for coastal cities. In fact, it is more likely to have a negative impact on tourism, as it can damage beaches and other tourist attractions.

Urban green spaces can help to reduce the urban heat island effect by providing shade and evapotranspiration. They can also help to improve air quality by filtering pollutants and producing oxygen. Additionally, urban green spaces can help to reduce stormwater runoff by absorbing rainwater and releasing it slowly into the soil.

Increasing the use of air conditioning is not a sustainable adaptation strategy for cities to address the impacts of climate change. Air conditioning contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn contribute to climate change. Additionally, air conditioning can make cities hotter, which can exacerbate the urban heat island effect.

Retrofitting is the process of making changes to existing buildings and infrastructure to improve their energy efficiency and reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. This can include measures such as installing insulation, upgrading windows and doors, and replacing old appliances with more energy-efficient models.

Compact, walkable communities are designed to reduce the need for car travel, which in turn reduces traffic congestion. Therefore, increased traffic congestion is not a potential benefit of compact, walkable communities.

Adaptation is the process of adjusting to the impacts of climate change, such as sea level rise, extreme weather events, and changes in agricultural yields. Adaptation measures can include building sea walls to protect against flooding, developing drought-resistant crops, and relocating vulnerable communities away from high-risk areas.

Climate change is expected to lead to a decline in water quality in urban areas due to increased pollution from stormwater runoff and sewage overflows.

Compact, walkable communities reduce the need for car travel. Investing in public transportation provides an alternative to car travel for residents who do not have access to a car or who prefer not to drive. Creating bike lanes and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure makes it safer and more convenient for people to walk and bike, which are both healthy and sustainable modes of transportation.

Green roofs do not increase energy consumption. In fact, they can help to reduce energy consumption by insulating buildings and reducing the need for air conditioning.

Mitigation is the process of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, typically through measures such as energy efficiency, renewable energy, and sustainable transportation. In the context of new buildings and infrastructure, mitigation measures can include using energy-efficient appliances and lighting, installing solar panels, and designing buildings to be more compact and walkable.

Climate change is expected to lead to a decrease in energy efficiency in urban areas due to increased demand for energy and the use of less efficient energy sources, such as fossil fuels.