Carrying capacity is the maximum population size that an environment can sustain, taking into account available resources and environmental conditions.

The exponential growth model assumes that the population size increases at a constant rate, without any limiting factors.

Density-dependent factors are factors that are affected by the size of the population, such as competition for resources or predation. Density-independent factors are factors that are not affected by the size of the population, such as natural disasters or weather conditions.

Commensalism is the interaction between two species in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected. For example, a bird that builds its nest in a tree benefits from the tree's support, but the tree is not affected by the bird's presence.

Limiting factors are factors that limit the growth of a population. Predation, competition, and carrying capacity can all be limiting factors for population growth.

Population density is the number of individuals of a species per unit area.

A positive feedback loop is a loop in which the output of a process reinforces the input. In population ecology, an example of a positive feedback loop is when increased population size leads to increased resource availability, which in turn leads to further population growth.

Mutualism is the interaction between two species in which both species benefit. For example, a plant and a pollinator have a mutualistic relationship, as the plant benefits from the pollinator's help in reproducing, and the pollinator benefits from the plant's nectar.

A negative feedback loop is a loop in which the output of a process counteracts the input. In population ecology, an example of a negative feedback loop is when increased population size leads to decreased resource availability, which in turn leads to decreased population growth.

Parasitism is the interaction between two species in which one species benefits and the other is harmed. For example, a tapeworm benefits from living inside a human's intestine, while the human is harmed by the tapeworm's presence.

Density-dependent factors are factors that are affected by the size of the population. Predation, competition, and carrying capacity can all be density-dependent factors.

Predation is the interaction between two species in which one species kills and eats the other. For example, a lion preys on zebras.

Birth rate is the number of individuals of a species born per unit time.

Density-independent factors are factors that are not affected by the size of the population. Natural disasters, such as earthquakes and floods, are examples of density-independent factors.

Death rate is the number of individuals of a species that die per unit time.