Wave function

Operator

State vector

Hamiltonian

The idea that interactions between particles are instantaneous and不受影响by the distance between them.

The idea that interactions between particles are mediated by the exchange of virtual particles.

The idea that the state of a quantum field at a given point in spacetime is independent of the state of the field at other points.

The idea that the laws of physics are the same for all observers, regardless of their motion.

The process of removing infinite terms from a quantum field theory to make it mathematically well-defined.

The process of adding infinite terms to a quantum field theory to make it mathematically well-defined.

The process of changing the parameters of a quantum field theory to make it agree with experimental data.

The process of finding the ground state of a quantum field theory.

The idea that a symmetry of a quantum field theory is broken by the ground state of the theory.

The idea that a symmetry of a quantum field theory is broken by the interactions between particles.

The idea that a symmetry of a quantum field theory is broken by the presence of external fields.

The idea that a symmetry of a quantum field theory is broken by the choice of gauge.

The mechanism by which the Higgs boson acquires mass.

The mechanism by which the W and Z bosons acquire mass.

The mechanism by which the photon acquires mass.

The mechanism by which the gluon acquires mass.

The idea that the strength of the strong nuclear force decreases as the energy scale increases.

The idea that the strength of the strong nuclear force increases as the energy scale increases.

The idea that the strength of the strong nuclear force is independent of the energy scale.

The idea that the strong nuclear force is the strongest of the four fundamental forces.

The idea that quarks and gluons cannot exist as free particles.

The idea that quarks and gluons can exist as free particles.

The idea that quarks and gluons can only exist as bound states.

The idea that quarks and gluons can only exist in the presence of external fields.

A theory that describes all of the known fundamental particles and forces.

A theory that describes all of the known fundamental particles.

A theory that describes all of the known fundamental forces.

A theory that describes all of the known elementary particles.

The idea that every boson has a corresponding fermion and vice versa.

The idea that every boson has a corresponding boson and vice versa.

The idea that every fermion has a corresponding fermion and vice versa.

The idea that every fermion has a corresponding boson and vice versa.

A theory that describes all of the known fundamental particles and forces as vibrating strings.

A theory that describes all of the known fundamental particles as vibrating strings.

A theory that describes all of the known fundamental forces as vibrating strings.

A theory that describes all of the known elementary particles as vibrating strings.