Behavioral Ecology is the study of the evolutionary basis of animal behavior, including the adaptive significance of behaviors and the mechanisms by which behaviors are shaped by natural selection.

Territorial defense is a social behavior in which animals defend an area of their habitat from other individuals of the same species. This behavior is often associated with mating and breeding.

Alloparenting is the cooperative care of offspring by individuals other than the parents. This behavior is often seen in social animals, such as wolves and meerkats, where non-breeding individuals help to raise the young.

A pecking order is a dominance hierarchy in which individuals have a fixed rank in relation to each other. This hierarchy is often based on factors such as size, strength, and aggression.

Signaling is the use of signals to communicate information between individuals. Signals can be visual, auditory, chemical, or tactile.

Courtship is a mating ritual in which animals engage in specific behaviors to attract a mate. These behaviors can include singing, dancing, and gift-giving.

Aggregation is the tendency of animals to aggregate in groups. This behavior can be seen in a variety of species, including birds, fish, and insects.

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship between two species in which both species benefit from the interaction. Examples of mutualism include the relationship between plants and pollinators and the relationship between cleaner fish and their host fish.

Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. This field of study includes the study of population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem function.

A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large impact on its ecosystem relative to its abundance. Sea otters are a keystone species because they prey on sea urchins, which helps to keep kelp forests healthy.

Adaptation is the process by which organisms adapt to their environment. This process can occur through natural selection, genetic drift, or a combination of both.

Migration is a behavioral adaptation in which animals move from one location to another in response to changes in their environment. This behavior can help animals to find food, mates, or shelter.

Biogeography is the study of the distribution and abundance of organisms. This field of study seeks to understand why organisms are found where they are and how their distributions have changed over time.

All of the above are examples of limiting factors for population growth. Limiting factors are factors that prevent a population from growing beyond a certain size.

Community Ecology is the study of the interactions between different species. This field of study seeks to understand how species interact with each other and how these interactions affect the structure and function of communities.