Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination that was in place in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. It was based on the idea that white people were superior to black people and that black people should be segregated from white people in all aspects of life.

Nelson Mandela was the leader of the African National Congress (ANC) during the anti-apartheid movement. He was imprisoned for 27 years for his role in the movement, but was released in 1990. He became the first black president of South Africa in 1994.

The Sharpeville Massacre was a massacre that occurred in Sharpeville, South Africa, in 1960. Police opened fire on a crowd of unarmed black protesters, killing 69 people and injuring 180. The massacre was a turning point in the anti-apartheid movement.

The Groote Schuur Minute was an agreement that was signed in 1990 between the South African government and the ANC. It set out the framework for negotiations to end apartheid and establish a democratic government in South Africa.

The 1994 General Election was the first democratic elections that were held in South Africa in 1994. The ANC won the election and Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was a commission that was established in 1995 to investigate human rights abuses that had occurred during apartheid. It was chaired by Archbishop Desmond Tutu and heard testimony from victims and perpetrators of human rights abuses.

The Reconstruction and Development Programme was a policy that was adopted by the South African government in 1994 to address the legacy of apartheid. It aimed to improve the lives of black South Africans by providing them with access to education, healthcare, housing, and employment.

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa was adopted in 1996. It is the supreme law of the land and guarantees the fundamental rights of all South Africans.

Ruth Mompati was the first black woman to be elected to the South African parliament. She was elected in 1994 and served until 2004.

Nelson Mandela was the first black South African to win a Nobel Peace Prize. He won the prize in 1993 for his work to end apartheid and promote peace and reconciliation in South Africa.

Nelson Mandela was the first black South African to become president of the country. He was elected in 1994 and served until 1999.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was a policy that was adopted by the South African government in 1995 to promote racial reconciliation. It aimed to heal the wounds of the past by allowing victims and perpetrators of human rights abuses to tell their stories and seek forgiveness.

Arthur Chaskalson was the first black South African to become chief justice of the country. He was appointed in 1994 and served until 2001.

Tito Mboweni was the first black South African to become governor of the Reserve Bank. He was appointed in 1999 and served until 2009.

Nelson Mandela was the first black South African to become president of the African National Congress. He was elected in 1991 and served until 1997.