Gothic architecture, with its distinctive pointed arches and ribbed vaults, flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages.

Castles served primarily as defensive structures, protecting lords and their vassals from attacks and invasions.

Notre Dame Cathedral, with its iconic flying buttresses and intricate stained-glass windows, is a prime example of Gothic architecture.

Illuminated manuscripts, with their vibrant colors and intricate illustrations, were used to enhance religious texts and historical accounts.

Giotto di Bondone's fresco cycle in the Scrovegni Chapel, depicting scenes from the life of Christ and the Virgin Mary, is a significant work of early Renaissance art.

Medieval stained-glass windows served multiple purposes: providing natural light, enhancing the interior with vibrant colors, and illustrating religious stories for the largely illiterate population.

Machicolations, projecting balconies with openings in the floor, allowed defenders to drop projectiles or boiling liquids on attackers below.

Mosaics, composed of small pieces of colored glass or stone, were used to create intricate images and patterns in medieval art.

Flying buttresses, pointed arches, and ribbed vaults worked together to distribute the weight of the structure, enabling the construction of taller and more spacious interiors.

Medieval tapestries served multiple purposes: decorating walls and providing insulation, being used in religious ceremonies and processions, and conveying stories and educating the largely illiterate population.

Woodcut, engraving, metalwork, and ivory carving are all examples of medieval artistic techniques that involved carving or engraving designs into various materials.

Tapestries, woven using different colored threads, were used to create intricate images and patterns, often depicting religious scenes or historical events.

Drawbridges, movable bridges that could be raised or lowered, were used to protect the entrance of castles and cities, allowing access to authorized personnel while preventing unwanted entry.

Medieval frescoes served multiple purposes: decorating walls and ceilings, providing religious instruction and storytelling, and occasionally depicting portraits and landscapes.

Woodcut, a relief printing technique, involved carving a design into a wooden block and then transferring the inked image onto paper or fabric.