The ecological niche of a species encompasses its specific role, interactions, and adaptations within an ecosystem, including its habitat, diet, and interactions with other species.

In commensalism, one species benefits from the presence or activities of another without causing harm or benefit to the latter.

The forest canopy refers to the uppermost layer of vegetation in a forest, consisting of the crowns of trees that receive the most sunlight.

Trees, along with other plants, are primary producers in forest ecosystems, utilizing sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce organic matter through photosynthesis.

Forest succession refers to the natural process of changes in the composition and structure of a forest community over time, driven by factors such as disturbances, competition, and environmental conditions.

Tropical rainforests are known for their dense understory vegetation, which includes a variety of shrubs, herbs, and epiphytes.

Forest management involves the application of scientific, economic, and social principles to the management of forests for various purposes, including timber production, biodiversity conservation, and recreation.

Beavers are considered keystone species in many forest ecosystems due to their role in creating and maintaining wetlands, which provide habitat for a variety of other species.

Deforestation refers to the permanent removal of forest cover, often for agricultural, industrial, or urban development.

Mixed forests are characterized by a combination of coniferous and deciduous trees, often occurring in transitional zones between different climate types.

Afforestation refers to the establishment of forest vegetation in an area that was previously not forested.

Climate change, pollution, and habitat fragmentation are all major threats to forest ecosystems, leading to biodiversity loss, changes in forest structure and function, and increased vulnerability to disturbances.

Forest restoration involves the active intervention and management to restore a degraded forest to its natural state, often involving planting native tree species and managing invasive species.

Bamboo forests are characterized by a dense understory of bamboo plants, which can form extensive monocultures.

Sustainable forest management aims to balance the use of forest resources with the conservation of biodiversity and the maintenance of ecological functions.