Sea-level rise

Ocean acidification

Increased frequency and intensity of storms

Deforestation

It increases the salinity of coastal waters.

It erodes beaches and destroys coastal habitats.

It leads to the loss of biodiversity in coastal ecosystems.

All of the above

Ocean acidification is the process by which the pH of the ocean decreases due to increased carbon dioxide absorption.

Ocean acidification leads to the dissolution of coral reefs and shells of marine organisms.

Ocean acidification disrupts the food chain and reduces marine biodiversity.

All of the above

They cause erosion and damage coastal infrastructure.

They lead to the loss of marine habitats and biodiversity.

They increase the risk of flooding and salinization of coastal freshwater resources.

All of the above

Building seawalls and levees to protect coastal communities from sea-level rise.

Implementing marine protected areas to enhance the resilience of marine ecosystems.

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit the pace of climate change.

Promoting sustainable coastal development practices.

It leads to shifts in species' ranges and changes in their abundance.

It disrupts marine food webs and alters predator-prey relationships.

It increases the risk of invasive species introductions and establishment.

All of the above

Increased sea surface temperatures due to climate change

Overfishing and destructive fishing practices

Pollution and nutrient runoff from land-based sources

All of the above

It can lead to shifts in fish distribution and abundance, affecting渔业产量.

It can alter ocean currents and upwelling patterns, impacting fish migration and spawning.

It can increase the frequency and intensity of harmful algal blooms, affecting fish health and fisheries.

All of the above

Melting of sea ice and glaciers, leading to habitat loss for Arctic species.

Changes in ocean currents and circulation patterns, affecting Arctic marine ecosystems.

Increased frequency and intensity of Arctic storms, causing coastal erosion and damage.

Deforestation in the Arctic region

It increases the frequency and intensity of natural disasters, such as hurricanes and floods.

It leads to sea-level rise, which exacerbates the impacts of natural disasters.

It degrades coastal ecosystems, which provide natural buffers against natural disasters.

All of the above

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit the pace of climate change.

Implementing marine protected areas to enhance the resilience of marine ecosystems.

Restoring and protecting coastal habitats, such as mangroves and coral reefs.

Promoting sustainable coastal development practices.

It increases the absorption of carbon dioxide by coastal and marine ecosystems.

It leads to the release of carbon dioxide from coastal and marine ecosystems.

It disrupts the balance between carbon absorption and release in coastal and marine ecosystems.

All of the above

Coral bleaching and degradation of coral reefs.

Increased frequency and intensity of tropical storms and hurricanes.

Changes in ocean currents and circulation patterns, affecting marine ecosystems.

Deforestation in tropical regions

It leads to shifts in species' ranges and changes in their abundance.

It disrupts marine food webs and alters predator-prey relationships.

It increases the risk of invasive species introductions and establishment.

All of the above

Implementing marine protected areas to enhance the resilience of marine ecosystems.

Restoring and protecting coastal habitats, such as mangroves and salt marshes.

Promoting sustainable coastal development practices.

Deforestation in subtropical regions