Optical fibers are designed to transmit light signals over long distances with minimal loss, making them essential for telecommunications and data transmission.

Rainbows are formed due to the refraction of sunlight as it passes through water droplets in the atmosphere, causing the light to be separated into its component colors.

The candela (cd) is the SI unit of luminous intensity, which measures the perceived brightness of a light source in a given direction.

Concave lenses are used to correct nearsightedness (myopia) by diverging light rays before they reach the retina, allowing the eye to focus properly on distant objects.

Lasers operate based on the principle of stimulated emission of radiation, where the interaction of light with excited atoms or molecules leads to the emission of coherent and monochromatic light.

Glass is a widely used optical material due to its transparency, low absorption of light, and ability to be shaped into various optical components, such as lenses and prisms.

Refraction is the phenomenon of light changing its direction when it passes from one medium to another, such as from air to glass or from water to air.

A spectrometer is an optical instrument used to measure the angle of deviation of light passing through a prism, allowing for the analysis of the wavelength composition of light.

Diffraction is the phenomenon of light spreading out as it passes through a small aperture or around an obstacle, resulting in the bending of light waves.

Interference is the phenomenon of two or more light waves combining to produce a new wave pattern, resulting in constructive or destructive interference depending on the phase difference between the waves.

Polarization is the property of light that describes its ability to vibrate in a specific direction, either linearly or circularly, due to the orientation of the electric field vector.

An aperture is an optical device used to control the intensity of light passing through it by adjusting the size of the opening, allowing for the regulation of the amount of light reaching the image sensor or detector.

Reflection is the phenomenon of light bouncing back from a surface, such as a mirror or a water surface, due to the interaction of light waves with the atoms or molecules of the surface.

A lens is an optical device used to focus light onto a small spot or to create an image, by converging or diverging light rays through the manipulation of their path.

Raman scattering is the phenomenon of light changing its frequency when it interacts with matter, resulting in the inelastic scattering of light and the transfer of energy between the light and the molecules of the material.